Live pig markets are hotspots for spread of African swine fever virus in Nigeria

Adedeji, Adeyinka Jeremy; Atai, Rebecca B.; Gyang, Helen E.; Gambo, Panzam; Habib, Maimuna A.; Weka, Rebecca; Muwanika, Vincent B.; Masembe, Charles; Luka, Pam Dachung

doi:10.1111/tbed.14483

Cited by 13 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This would be impractical for smallholder farmers, and in small premises with limited resources, effective quarantine is usually not an option [ 64 ]. Safe sources of new pigs might be difficult to find, with live markets and itinerant pig traders considered as posing a high risk [ 29 , 103 ]. It has been suggested that quarantine at community level may be possible in smallholder settings, for example, in a village if facilitated by the village head [ 13 ].…”

Section: Mitigating Well-documented Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Live markets where pigs are sold are common in many countries. The risk of ASF is increased when pigs from different sources are assembled [ 29 , 103 , 106 , 142 , 160 ]. The source of outbreaks outside the ASF-controlled area in South Africa in 2012 was a facility where live pigs were sold by auction [ 161 ] and infection was detected in a proportion of pigs sampled at four live markets in Nigeria [ 29 ].…”

Section: Mitigating Well-documented Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of ASF is increased when pigs from different sources are assembled [ 29 , 103 , 106 , 142 , 160 ]. The source of outbreaks outside the ASF-controlled area in South Africa in 2012 was a facility where live pigs were sold by auction [ 161 ] and infection was detected in a proportion of pigs sampled at four live markets in Nigeria [ 29 ]. Closure of the sales venues in South Africa resulted in illegal sale of pigs turned away by the closed facilities (state veterinarian, Gauteng, personal communication, February 2012).…”

Section: Mitigating Well-documented Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much of the information gathered is applicable to smallholder farming wherever it occurs. In all smallholder settings, trade most often occurs through value chains with poor biosecurity that pose a high risk for the spread of ASFV [ 8 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Furthermore, information on the size, composition, and distribution of this sector is not always accurately known, since recordkeeping is often lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innovative Research Offers New Hope for Managing African Swine Fever Better in Resource-Limited Smallholder Farming Settings: A Timely Update

et al. 2023

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African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pigs has, since its discovery in Africa more than a century ago, been associated with subsistence pig keeping with low levels of biosecurity. Likewise, smallholder and backyard pig farming in resource-limited settings have been notably affected during the ongoing epidemic in Eastern Europe, Asia, the Pacific, and Caribbean regions. Many challenges to managing ASF in such settings have been identified in the ongoing as well as previous epidemics. Consistent implementation of biosecurity at all nodes in the value chain remains most important for controlling and preventing ASF. Recent research from Asia, Africa, and Europe has provided science-based information that can be of value in overcoming some of the hurdles faced for implementing biosecurity in resource-limited contexts. In this narrative review we examine a selection of these studies elucidating innovative solutions such as shorter boiling times for inactivating ASF virus in swill, participatory planning of interventions for risk mitigation for ASF, better understanding of smallholder pig-keeper perceptions and constraints, modified culling, and safe alternatives for disposal of carcasses of pigs that have died of ASF. The aim of the review is to increase acceptance and implementation of science-based approaches that increase the feasibility of managing, and the possibility to prevent, ASF in resource-limited settings. This could contribute to protecting hundreds of thousands of livelihoods that depend upon pigs and enable small-scale pig production to reach its full potential for poverty alleviation and food security.

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Section: Mitigating Well-documented Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mitigating Well-documented Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mitigating Well-documented Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Innovative Research Offers New Hope for Managing African Swine Fever Better in Resource-Limited Smallholder Farming Settings: A Timely Update

et al. 2023

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“…Additionally, the potential for ASF to survive on contaminated surfaces, such as transportation vehicles, for several days could lead to transmission via indirect contact (Y. Li et al, 2020; Yoo et al, 2021; Adedeji et al, 2022; Galli et al, 2022), another important route in ASF dissemination (Kim et al, 2021; Yoo et al, 2021; Cheng and Ward, 2022; Galli et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the effectiveness of control actions on African swine fever transmission in commercial swine populations in the United States

Sykes

Galvis

O'Hara

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Given the proximity of African swine fever (ASF) to the U.S., there is an urgent need to better understand possible dissemination pathways of the virus within the U.S. swine industry and to evaluate mitigation strategies. Here, we extended PigSpread, a farm-level spatially-explicit stochastic compartmental transmission model incorporating six transmission routes including between-farm swine movements, vehicle movements, and local spread, to model the dissemination of ASF. We then examined the effectiveness of control and eradication actions listed in the ASF national response plan. The average number of secondary infections during the first 60 days of the outbreak was 50 finisher farms, 17 nursery farms, 6 sow farms, and less than one farm in other production types. The between-farm movements of swine was the predominant route of ASF transmission with an average contribution of 71.4% to ASF dissemination, while local spread and movement of vehicles were less critical with an average contribution of 14.5% and 14.2%. We demonstrated that the combination of quarantine, depopulation, movement restrictions, contact tracing, and enhanced surveillance, was the most effective mitigation strategy, resulting in an average reduction of 74.0% of secondary cases by day 140 of the outbreak. In addition, this combination of control actions required a median of 485,138 depopulated animals, 1,634,623 diagnostic tests, and 53,648 movement permits. Our results provide a critical evaluation of the current national control and eradication actions, suggesting that the successful elimination of an ASF outbreak is likely to require the deployment of all control actions listed in the ASF national response plan for more than 140 days, as well as anticipating the resources needed for depopulation, testing, and movement permits under these controls.

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Diversity and emergence of new variants of African swine fever virus Genotype I circulating in domestic pigs in Nigeria (2016–2018)

Masembe

Adedeji

Jambol

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background African swine fever (ASF) is the most lethal disease of pigs caused by ASF virus (ASFV) with severe economic implications and threat to the swine industry in endemic countries. Between 2016 and 2018, several ASF outbreaks were reported throughout pig producing states in Nigeria. Objectives Thereafter, this study was designed to identify the ASFV genotypes responsible for these outbreaks within the study period (2016–2018). Methods Twenty‐two ASFV‐positive samples by polymerase chain reaction were selected. The samples were collected during passive surveillance in eight states of Nigeria were characterised using 3 partial genes sequences of the virus namely, p72 capsid protein of the B646L, p54 envelope protein of E183L and the central variable region (CVR) within B602L of ASFV. Results Phylogenetic and sequences analysis based on p72 and p54 revealed ASFV genotype I as the circulating virus. Sequence analysis of the CVR of B602L revealed genetic variations with six ASFV tandem repeat sequence (TRS) variants namely, Tet‐15, Tet‐20a, Tet‐21b, Tet‐27, Tet‐31 and Tet‐34, thus increasing the overall genetic diversity of ASFV in Nigeria. Three of the TRS variants, Tet‐21b, Tet‐31 and Tet‐34, were identified for the first time in Nigeria. The new TRS variants of ASFV genotype I were identified in Enugu, Imo, Plateau and Taraba states, while co‐circulation of multiple variants of ASFV genotype I was recorded in Plateau and Benue states. Conclusions The high genetic diversity, emergence and increasing recovery of new variants of genotype I in Nigeria should be a concern given that ASFV is a relatively stable DNA virus. The epidemiological implications of these findings require further investigation.

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Live pig markets are hotspots for spread of African swine fever virus in Nigeria

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

Innovative Research Offers New Hope for Managing African Swine Fever Better in Resource-Limited Smallholder Farming Settings: A Timely Update

Innovative Research Offers New Hope for Managing African Swine Fever Better in Resource-Limited Smallholder Farming Settings: A Timely Update

Estimating the effectiveness of control actions on African swine fever transmission in commercial swine populations in the United States

Diversity and emergence of new variants of African swine fever virus Genotype I circulating in domestic pigs in Nigeria (2016–2018)

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