Llamas and alpacas in Europe: Endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control

Franz, Sonja; Wittek, Thomas; Joachim, Anja; Hinney, Barbara; Dadak, Agnes

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.019

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…There are no anti-coccidial drugs approved specifically for camelids. Benzene acetonitrile compounds (ponazuril, diclazuril, toltrazuril), sulfonamides, and amprolium have been used to treat or prevent coccidiosis in camelids (Cebra et al 2007(Cebra et al , 2014Ballweber 2009;Thomas and Morgan 2013;Franz et al 2015). Efficacy of various drugs for treating clinical coccidiosis is unknown.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids

Dubey

2018

Parasitol Res

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Camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of South America and Eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. Of the five most prevalent species of Eimeria in South American camelids, Eimeria macusaniensis, Eimeria lamae, Eimeria alpacae, Eimeria punoensis, and Eimeria ivitaensis, E. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. There is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of Eimeria spp. in camelids. Many papers on camelid coccidiosis were published in local Peruvian journals, not easily accessible to wider audience. The objective of the present paper is to summarize information on history, validity of Eimeria species, life cycle, pathogenicity, prevalence, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of coccidiosis in camelids.

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids

Dubey

2018

Parasitol Res

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“…Alpacas are treated with anthelmintics licensed for use in sheep or cattle at a variety of dosages. Anthelmintics used in alpacas include the macrocylic lactones, benzimidazoles, levamisole and monepantel (Franz, Wittek, Joachim, Hinney, & Dadak, ). Doramectin is a macrocyclic lactone used for the control of endo‐ and ectoparasites in cattle and swine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered doramectin in alpacas

Lye¹,

Jacob

Pomroy

et al. 2019

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The objective of this research was to evaluate comparative pharmacokinetics of doramectin in alpacas, after subcutaneous administration of 0.2 mg/kg dose. Six healthy adult alpacas, mean age of 5 years ± 1, (three female and three gelded males) of mean bodyweight of 62 kg ± 16 kg with an average body condition scored 2.8 ± 1 out of five, were used in this study. Serial blood samples were collected from the jugular vein before the administration until day 21 afterwards to establish the pharmacokinetics of doramectin after its subcutaneous administration at 0.2 mg/kg dose. The blood samples were analysed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fluorescence detection method with precolumn derivatisation, validated for alpacas. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model, and results showed Cmax (6.05 ± 5.34 ng/ml), Tmax (3.83 ± 2.48 days), AUC (62.12 ± 18.86 ng/ml × d), terminal half‐life (6.2 ± 4.9 days) and MRT (11.56 ± 4.43 days). The results of this study showed that the Cmax and AUC were much lower than in cattle and sheep at the same dosage. Tmax remained similar to cattle and sheep. This study presents valuable information about pharmacokinetics of doramectin in alpacas, which can be utilised in its future efficacy studies.

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“…Cooperia spp., Haemonchus contortus , Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia ostertagi , Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp.) [ 1 – 3 ]. These nematodes can lead to considerable morbidity and even death in SACs, leading to significant economic losses [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These nematodes can lead to considerable morbidity and even death in SACs, leading to significant economic losses [ 4 , 5 ]. Farmers frequently use various classes of anthelmintics to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas and llamas [ 2 , 3 ], although no anthelmintic is registered against GINs in SACs. The under-dosing of anthelmintics could potentially lead to the development of resistance in GINs of alpacas and llamas [ 3 , 6 , 7 ] as it has been reported in those of small ruminants [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assay to detect and differentiate gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas

2018

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BackgroundGastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) frequently infect South American camelids (alpacas and llamas) and cause economic losses due to reduced production of fiber, meat and/or leather. Our knowledge about the epidemiology and diagnosis of GINs in llamas and alpacas is limited, and reliable keys for the identification of the third-stage larvae (L3s) of some common nematodes (such as Camelostrogylus mentulatus) that infect alpacas and llamas remain undescribed. In this study, we modified two existing semi-quantitative multiplexed-tandem (MT)-PCR assays, originally developed for the GINs of sheep and cattle, to reliably detect and differentiate the common genera/species of GINs in the faeces of alpacas.ResultsFollowing the establishment of the MT-PCR assay using positive and negative control samples, alpaca faecal samples were tested to validate the assay to detect and differentiate nematode genera/species, including C. mentulatus, Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. Sequencing of the MT-PCR products demonstrated specific (100%) amplification of the target nematode genera/species. Additionally, a comparison of results of the MT-PCR assay and the morphological identification of adult worms collected from the same 35 alpacas revealed that there was a good agreement (37–94%) between the two methods. However, some discrepancies were observed between the results of the MT-PCR assay and the morphological identification of adult worms.ConclusionsThe MT-PCR platform is an accurate, sensitive and rapid method for the diagnosis of GINs in alpacas, and it can be used as a substitute to larval culture to identify common nematodes in the faeces of alpacas and llamas.

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Llamas and alpacas in Europe: Endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control

Cited by 31 publications

References 78 publications

A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids

A review of coccidiosis in South American camelids

Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered doramectin in alpacas

Multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assay to detect and differentiate gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas

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