LNG as a potential alternative fuel – Safety and security of storage facilities

Bernatík, Aleš; Šenovský, Pavel; Pitt, Martin J.

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2010.08.003

Cited by 44 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…It is of utmost importance to set up models that effectively simulate the toxic gas dispersion process in real time (Alhajraf et al 2005). Easy-to-solve empirical models like the Gaussian plume model and the integral box model are proposed by Arystanbekova (2004), Bernatik et al (2011), Hanna et al (1993) and Nikmo et al (1999). Though such models provide quick prediction of toxic gas concentration, their critical assumptions are hard to meet in real accidents, which may reduce the accuracy and reliability of their prediction outcomes (Gailis and Hill 2006;Sanchez et al 2013;Sklavounos and Rigas 2012).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated emergency response model for toxic gas release accidents based on cellular automata

Cao

Tian

et al. 2016

Ann Oper Res

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An integrated emergency response model based on cellular automata (CA) is proposed for the toxic gas release accidents that happen in the energy and chemical industry. This integrated emergency response model consists of three sub-models: a toxic gas dispersion model, a dynamic evaluation model for accident consequences, and an evacuation route selection model. When a toxic gas release accident happens, the dispersion model predicts the distribution of toxic gas concentration, the evaluation model estimates the consequences in terms of probability of death, expected fatalities and impact scope caused by the accident, and the route selection model provides the safest evacuation route for evacuees. The three sub-models run simultaneously and present real-time results. The proposed model is applied to an ammonia gas release accident in an energy and chemical enterprise, and the corresponding model results are discussed. The efficiency of emergency response for toxic gas release accidents can be further improved through the proposed integrated emergency response model based on CA.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated emergency response model for toxic gas release accidents based on cellular automata

Cao

Tian

et al. 2016

Ann Oper Res

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“…The cryogenic liquids have low viscosity and can penetrate through the fabric of clothing faster than liquids such as water. Steam inhalation for prolonged periods can cause lung damage [9].…”

Section: Hazards Of Lngmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Risk Analysis and Comparison for Onshore and Offshore LNG Terminals: The Port of Suape - Brazil Case

Ramos

Droguett

Martins

et al. 2011

Volume 2: Structures, Safety and Reliability

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In recent decades, natural gas has been gaining importance in world energy scene and established itself as an important source of energy. One of the biggest obstacles to increase the usage of natural gas is its transportation, mostly done in its liquid form, LNG -Liquefied Natural Gas, and storage. It involves the liquefaction of natural gas, transport by ship, its storage and subsequent regasification, in order to get natural gas in its original form and send it to the final destination through natural gas pipeline system. Nowadays, most terminals for receiving, storing and regasificating LNG, as well as sending-out natural gas are built onshore. These terminals, however, are normally built close to populated areas, where consuming centers can be found, creating safety risks to the population nearby. Apart from possible damages caused by its cryogenic temperatures, LNG spills are associated with hazards such as pool fires and ignition of drifting vapor clouds. Alternatively to onshore terminals, there are currently several offshore terminals projects in the world and some are already running. Today, Brazil owns two FSRU (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit) type offshore terminals, one in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro and the other in Pecém, Ceará, both contracted to PETROBRAS. The identification of the operation risks sources of LNG terminals onshore and offshore and its quantification through mathematical models can identify the most suitable terminal type for a particular location. In order to identify and compare the risks suggested by onshore and offshore LNG terminals, we have taken the example of the Suape Port and its Industrial Complex, located in Pernambuco, Brazil, which is a promising location for the installation of a LNG terminal. The present work has focused on calculating the distance to the LNG vapor cloud with the lower flammability limits (LFL), as well as thermal radiation emitted by pool fire, in case of a LNG spill from an onshore and from an offshore terminal. The calculation was made for both day and night periods, and for three types of events: operational accident, non-operational accident and worst case event, corresponding to a hole size of 0,75m, 1,5m e 5m, respectively. Even though the accidents that happen at an onshore terminal generate smaller vulnerability distances, according to the results it would not be desirable for the Suape Port, due to the location high density of industries and people working. Therefore, an offshore terminal would be more desirable, since it presents less risk to the surrounding populations, as well as for workers in this location.

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“…[4] The article Using the SW modelling and simulating tools in transport of hazardous cargos by Ficek, M. et al [5] is directly covers the comparison of two selected SW products. The article follows these publications and tries to further elaborate on them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Modelling System for the Purposes of Crisis Management

Ficek¹,

Vicar²

2017

DAAAM Proceedings

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Hazardous chemical substances are used virtually every day. When these are stored or transported, extraordinary events occur from time to time, and as a consequence, health or lives of people within the reach of the accident or in the surroundings through which a hazardous cloud of this substance may spread are in danger. For a more efficient and easier operation of the emergency services and of the workers in crisis management, software products are used that model and simulate leakages of these substances and this way, they provide valuable information. This article compares the selected software and evaluates its efficiency.

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LNG as a potential alternative fuel – Safety and security of storage facilities

Cited by 44 publications

References 3 publications

An integrated emergency response model for toxic gas release accidents based on cellular automata

An integrated emergency response model for toxic gas release accidents based on cellular automata

Quantitative Risk Analysis and Comparison for Onshore and Offshore LNG Terminals: The Port of Suape - Brazil Case

Simulation and Modelling System for the Purposes of Crisis Management

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