Load frequency control in deregulated environments via active disturbance rejection

An ADRC Method for Noncascaded Integral Systems Based on Algebraic Substitution Method and Its Structure

“…In 2014, Ramírez-Neria utilized the decoupling property of the object model and decomposed it into the cascaded connection of two independent blocks [29]. (2) Some ADRC applications were limited to the control system with an implicit cascaded 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering integral form, such as the differential equation, rational proper fraction, or state space form, as shown in [12,13,26,30]. (3) Some ADRC applications were limited to the control system with an explicit cascaded integral system.…”

High-Gain Disturbance Observer-Based Robust Load Frequency Control of Power Systems with Multiple Areas

“…The basis for attaining the regulation function is the tie line bias control concept that is introduced over 50 years ago [18] and widely used to model the power flow between two or more buses [2][3][4][5][6][9][10][11]19,20]. Tie line power deviation ∆P tie i is defined as the deviation power exported to the ith area and is equal to the sum of all outflowing line power changes in the line that connects to the ith area with its neighboring areas:…”

“…Despite the promising concept of adaptive controllers, the control algorithm is too complicated to implement in large scale systems and can show poor transient performance which can be critical in power systems. Several papers propose an observer for dealing with uncertain load changing in power systems with multiple areas [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In [6][7][8], a disturbance observer is considered to handle large-scale wind power in power systems.…”

“…In [6][7][8], a disturbance observer is considered to handle large-scale wind power in power systems. In these applications, the uncertainty and external disturbance are viewed as a total disturbance and rejected by an active disturbance observer proposed by [9][10][11][12][13]. The disturbance is estimated using an extended state observer (ESO) in [15].…”

AGC of a multi-area multi-source hydrothermal power system interconnected via AC/DC parallel links under deregulated environment

“…In the deregulated environment, the vertically integrated utilities (VIUs) no longer survive. In the deregulated structure, several independent entities like distribution companies (DISCOs), generation companies (GENCOs), transmission companies (TRANSCOs) and independent system operator (ISO) have been introduced [5,6,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. ISO is independent, disassociated agent for market participants who perform various ancillary services and among them is the AGC [30].…”