Local and distant residence times of contaminants in multi-compartment models. Part I: A review of the theoretical basis

Mackay, Don; Reid, Liisa

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.04.012

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The inclusion of geographical specified data has already been proposed by several authors (Potting 1994;Huijbregts et al 2001Huijbregts et al , 2003Webster et al 2004;Mackay and Reid 2008). The main difference between those methods and the zone classification is schematised on Figs.…”

Section: Zone Classification and Existing Lca-localised Approachesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Concerning emissions of chemical substances, other studies have been conducted in order to integrate spatial differentiation in LCA methods with the aim of calculating endpoint indicators. They all require transport models of pollutants in the various compartments of the environment; these have been reviewed by Mackay and Reid (2008). These models are often completed by the inclusion of chemical fate of pollutants, especially to account for pollutants involved into human toxicity and ecosystem toxicity (Huijbregts et al 2001(Huijbregts et al , 2005.…”

Section: Zone Classification and Existing Lca-localised Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of chemicals into emission-based impact categories: a first approach for equiprobable and site-specific conceptual frames

Ventura

2010

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose The classification step is systematically neglected in the calculation of life cycle impact assessment indicators: for several direct contribution of one pollutant to several impact categories, the distribution between these impact categories is not accounted. The proposed approaches of non-redundant classification are based on the probability that an emitted substance and its chemically degraded forms are involved into several environmental impacts. Methods Two types of repartitions are examined in this paper: (1) one called equiprobable classification, based on identical probability of contributions to several impact categories, and (2) and one called zone classification based. Both methods are based on a classification coefficient alpha and require categorization of chemical pathways (reactive, suspensive, direct, indirect). The first method, the equiprobable classification, is a quick method that allows avoiding multiple counting of pollutants. The second method, the zone classification method, is based on two steps: (1) the first step requires defining an impacted zone around the source, inside which the emitted chemicals are expected to majorly diffuse or spread, and (2) in the second step, the score of the chemical is set according to the occurrence of the chemical target inside the impacted zone. Results Both methods are applied on a case study of NOx emissions in Paris. Results highlight big differences (33% to 47%) when using or not the classification coefficient. Coefficients calculated using equiprobable or zone classifications are of the same order of magnitude except for indirect contributions. DiscussionThe zone classification method is compared to other site-specific life cycle assessment methods. The choices of impacted zone and of chemical targets are discussed with the aim to meeting paradoxical constraints: local parameters must be sufficiently detailed in the majority of cases, but generic enough to avoid time consuming researches. The availability of data is also discussed as well as the possibility to include indirect impacts into the environmental system. Conclusions The conceptual frame suggested for classification of pollutants into emission-based impact categories is a first approach for a scientific question that was raised in the 90s. Equiprobable classification is easy to apply but not entirely satisfying from a physical and chemical background. Zone classification relies upon the specificity of emission compartments and occurrence of chemical targets in the impacted zone. It still needs improvements. It has important consequences in terms of data collection, system boundaries, and only practice will show its actual feasibility.

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Section: Zone Classification and Existing Lca-localised Approachesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Zone Classification and Existing Lca-localised Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of chemicals into emission-based impact categories: a first approach for equiprobable and site-specific conceptual frames

Ventura

2010

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…Notice that our emission sensitivity analysis is related to the sensitivity studies performed by Mackay and Reid (2008) using a multi-compartment model. They quantified the sen-sitivity of a POP concentration response in a given box to the emission flux occurring in another box.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source regions of some Persistent Organic Pollutants measured in the atmosphere at Birkenes, Norway

Eckhardt¹,

Breivik²,

Li³

et al. 2009

Preprint

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Abstract. A key feature of POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) is their potential for long-range atmospheric transport. In order to better understand and predict atmospheric source-receptor relationships of POPs, we have modified an existing Lagrangian transport model (FLEXPART) to include some of the key processes that control the atmospheric fate of POPs. We also present four years (2004–2007) of new atmospheric measurement data for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) obtained at Birkenes, an EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) site in Southern Norway. The model overestimates measured PCB-28 and γ-HCH concentrations by factors of 2 and 8, respectively, which is most likely because the emissions used as input to the model are overestimated. FLEXPART captures the temporal variability in the measurements very well and, depending on season, explains 31–67% (14–62%) of the variance of measured PCB-28 (γ-HCH) concentrations. FLEXPART, run in a time-reversed (adjoint) mode, was used to identify the source regions responsible for the POP loading at the Birkenes station. Emissions in Central Europe and Eastern Europe contributed 32% and 24%, respectively, to PCB-28 at Birkenes, while Western Europe was found to be the dominant source (50%) for γ-HCH. Intercontinental transport from North America contributed 13% γ-HCH. While FLEXPART has no treatment of the partitioning of POPs between different surface media, it was found a very useful tool for studying atmospheric source-receptor relationships for POPs and POP-like chemicals that do not sorb strongly to atmospheric particles and whose atmospheric levels are believed to be mainly controlled by primary sources.

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“…Notice that our emission sensitivity analysis is related to the sensitivity studies performed by Mackay and Reid (2008) using a multi-compartment model. They quantified the sensitivity of a POP concentration response in a given box to the emission flux occurring in another box.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source regions of some persistent organic pollutants measured in the atmosphere at Birkenes, Norway

Eckhardt

Breivik

et al. 2009

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.A key feature of POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) is their potential for long-range atmospheric transport. In order to better understand and predict atmospheric sourcereceptor relationships of POPs, we have modified an existing Lagrangian transport model (FLEXPART) to include some of the key processes that control the atmospheric fate of POPs. We also present four years (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007) of new atmospheric measurement data for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) obtained at Birkenes, an EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) site in southern Norway. The model overestimates measured PCB-28 and γ -HCH concentrations by factors of 2 and 8, respectively, which is most likely because the emissions used as input to the model are overestimated. FLEXPART captures the temporal variability in the measurements very well and, depending on season, explains 31-67% (14-62%) of the variance of measured PCB-28 (γ -HCH) concentrations. FLEXPART, run in a time-reversed (adjoint) mode, was used to identify the source regions responsible for the POP loading at the Birkenes station. Emissions in Central Europe and Eastern Europe contributed 32% and 24%, respectively, to PCB-28 at Birkenes, while Western Europe was found to be the dominant source (50%) for γ -HCH. Intercontinental transport from North America contributed 13% γ -HCH. While FLEXPART has no treatment of the partitioning of POPs between different surface media, it was found a very useful tool for studying atmospheric source-receptor relaCorrespondence to: S. Eckhardt (sec@nilu.no) tionships for POPs and POP-like chemicals that do not sorb strongly to atmospheric particles and whose atmospheric levels are believed to be mainly controlled by primary sources.

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Local and distant residence times of contaminants in multi-compartment models. Part I: A review of the theoretical basis

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Classification of chemicals into emission-based impact categories: a first approach for equiprobable and site-specific conceptual frames

Classification of chemicals into emission-based impact categories: a first approach for equiprobable and site-specific conceptual frames

Source regions of some Persistent Organic Pollutants measured in the atmosphere at Birkenes, Norway

Source regions of some persistent organic pollutants measured in the atmosphere at Birkenes, Norway

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