Local Flaps: Cheek and Lip Reconstruction

Pepper, Jon Paul; Baker, Shan R.

doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2013.1608

Cited by 75 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Together with the surgical techniques, nonsurgical procedures of injectable soft tissue fillers such as bovine collagen or hyaluronic acid enable to enlarge, refine, shorten and reshape lips. Lip enhancement and augmentation procedures have become increasingly popular with some minimally invasive products for dermal filling and volume creation [20][21][22][23]. Candidates for lip enhancement include patients whose lips have flattened or lost volume, show vermilion and/or have lost definition due to aging, photodamage, smoking, or a combination of all, patients with congenitally thin and/or asymmetrical lips and patients who desire an enhanced lip shape or fullness [3,4,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-assisted analysis contour lines of aesthetic unit for the assessment of lip augmentation

et al. 2016

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Background Lip augmentation and changing contour lines have become more popular ways of improving the appearance. However, validated measures of lip fullness for quantification of outcomes are needed; ethnic background and personal goals can optimise outcomes while tailoring lip enhancement treatment to each individual's anatomy. The aim of this study is to analyse the morphological features of the lip in detail and to clarify the objective parameters in related with the subjective ones regarding the lip augmentation and lip reconstruction. Methods Standard photographs of the lips of 200 young Anatolian adults were calculated with linear and angular components. The features of the lower third of the face were analysed with the software program. Linear analyses (heights of the upper lip, the upper vermilion, the lower lip height, the lower vermillion and the chin height) and angular analyses (the upper lip, the lower lip, the apex and Cupid's bow angles) were measured as reference points. The lip shape was classified into five groups: thin, very thin, medium, full and very full. Results The lower third of the face was divided into three segments (Sn-Sto, Sm-Me and Sto-Sm), and the largest portion of the lower face was occupied by the chin and the smallest by the lower lip height in both genders. The upper vermilion height was 8.07 ± 1.8 mm in males and 7.08 ± 1.5 mm in females. The lower vermilion height was 10.1 ± 2.4 mm in males and 9.7 ± 1.9 mm in females. The upper lip angle was calculated as 30.3 ± 9.6°in males and 24.2 ± 6.2°mm in females. The lower lip angle was calculated as 38.3 ± 9.7°in males and 36.5 ± 6.4°in females. Meanwhile, the angular measurements of Cupid's bow (i.e., the apex and the central angle of Cupid's bow) were smaller in men than in women. When the lip was analyzed, the medium and full types in upper and lower lips accounted for substantial fractions in men, whereas medium and thin types were predominant also in women. Conclusions With the help of certain software, this research has made possible to define the best cosmetical redesign solution of lip construction and augmentation with a natural appearance for the patient. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer-assisted analysis contour lines of aesthetic unit for the assessment of lip augmentation

et al. 2016

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“…1 Although many defects are mostly suitable for primary closure in other parts of the body, it is usually necessary to step up to higher levels in reconstructive ladder for lower lip defects due to the requirement of maintaining acceptable results in terms of aesthetics and function. 2 Many techniques, such as local, regional, or distant flaps, depending on the extent of the defect in addition to the surgeon's expertise, have been described for the reconstruction of lower lip defects; however, local flaps have been the most commonly preferred technique due to their advantages, such as color and tissue compatibility and the ease of implementation. 3 Recent advances about the perforator flap concept and a better understanding of the anatomy of facial perforator vessels have encouraged the surgeons to elevate the melolabial skin flap based on the facial perforator vessels and perform single-stage reconstructions by designing the flap exactly fitting to the defect to be reconstructed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Facial Artery Perforator and Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle Chimeric Flap

Sarıcı

Yeşïloğlu

Temiz

et al. 2016

Annals of Plastic Surgery

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“…We notice that the hetero-labial flaps were used after direct suture and gave satisfaction every time the defect did not exceed the lip region. According to JP Pepper and SR Baker [21], repair techniques by direct suture, Abbe flap and those using the Karapandzic technique have good results, functionally and aesthetically. Stairs repair techniques, Webster, Etslanderand Gilles' fan flap ensure a satisfactory functional outcome, but, aesthetically, there is significant scarring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%