Local Innervation Patterns of the Metathoracic Flexor and Extensor Tibiae Motor Neurons in the Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

Nishino, Hiroshi

doi:10.2108/zsj.20.697

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…That requires (1) avoiding the release of premature short jumps by sufficient flexor co-activation in the preparatory period and (2) a balanced control of the restraining flexor tension during the final preparation for long jumps, to reach the targeted isometric extensor tension. Unfortunately our EMGs did not reveal such a correlation, probably because the more than 12 excitatory motor units of the flexor tibiae muscle (Nishino, 2003) are not represented by our rather focal EMG electrodes (30m conducting tip diameter).…”

Section: Comparison Of the Ballistic Movement Typesmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Extensor EMG recordings were used only if they could be distinguished clearly from the more complex flexor EMGs recorded simultaneously from the flexor tibiae. The EMGs from the flexor tibiae were taken from the proximal and the medial part containing up to 12 excitatory motor units (Nishino, 2003;Nishino, 2004). Data with regular coincidence of spikes in flexor and extensor EMGS were regarded to be the result of electrical crosstalk artefacts and discarded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This additionally improves the angle of attack for the flexor tendon (Fig.2B). The accessory flexor muscle is attached to the cushion region (Fig. 2, inset) (Nishino, 2003) and its force can ease sliding of the cushion over the ridge during knee flexion.…”

Section: Biomechanical Basics Of the Cricket Kneementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our EMGs, the main flexor activity usually decreased during final discharges of the extensor fast unit (Fig.2C, Fig.3A). That may be different in different compartments of the flexor muscle (Nishino, 2003;Nishino, 2004) and therefore may be not represented in our recordings with a single focal EMG electrode from the long multiunit flexor muscle.…”

Section: Myograms and The Ballistic Kickmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We could not determine all of the details of the neural control for this muscle because of the many excitatory motor units (over 12) supplying this muscle. The junction potentials of these motor units superimpose heavily in EMGs, whereas other motor units may not be represented (Nishino, 2003;Nishino, 2004).…”

Section: Influences On Jump Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Ballistic movements of jumping legs implemented as variable components of cricket behaviour

Hustert

Baldus

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYBallistic accelerations of a limb or the whole body require special joint mechanisms in many animals. Specialized joints can be moved by stereotypic or variable motor control during motor patterns with and without ballistic components. As a model of variable motor control, the specialized femur-tibia (knee) joints of cricket (Acheta domesticus) hindlegs were studied during ballistic kicking, jumping and swimming and in non-ballistic walking. In this joint the tendons of the antagonistic flexor and the extensor muscles attach at different distances from the pivot and the opposed lever arms form an angle of 120deg. A 10:1 ratio of their effective lever arms at full knee flexion helps to prepare for most ballistic extensions: the tension of the extensor can reach its peak while it is restrained by flexor co-contraction. In kicks, preparatory flexion is rapid and the co-contraction terminates just before knee extensions. Therefore, mainly the stored tension of the extensor muscle accelerates the small mass of the tibia. Jumps are prepared with slower extensor-flexor co-contractions that flex both knees simultaneously and then halt to rotate both legs outward to a near horizontal level. From there, catapult extension of both knees accelerates the body, supported by continued high frequency motor activity to their tibia extensor muscles during the ongoing push-off from the substrate. Premature extension of one knee instantly takes load from the lagging leg that extends and catches up, which finally results in a straight jump. In swimming, synchronous ballistic power strokes of both hindlegs drive the tibiae on a ventral-to-posterior trajectory through the water, well coordinated with the swimming patterns of all legs. In walking, running and climbing the steps of the hindlegs range between 45deg flexion and 125deg extension and use non-ballistic, alternating activity of knee flexor and extensor muscles. Steep climbing requires longer bursts from the extensor tibiae muscles when they support the extended hindlegs against gravity forces when the body hangs over. All ballistic movements of cricket knees are elicited by a basic but variable motor pattern: knee flexions by co-contraction of the antagonists prepare catapult extensions with speeds and forces as required in the different behaviours.

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Section: Comparison Of the Ballistic Movement Typesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biomechanical Basics Of the Cricket Kneementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Myograms and The Ballistic Kickmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influences On Jump Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Ballistic movements of jumping legs implemented as variable components of cricket behaviour

Hustert

Baldus

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Tonic Immobility in a Cricket: Neuronal Underpinnings of Global Motor Inhibition

Nishino

2021

Death-Feigning in Insects

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The morphology, physiology and function of suboesophageal neck motor neurons in the honeybee

et al. 2006

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We report some of the neural and muscular circuitry that allows honeybees to control head movements. We studied neck motor neurons with cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion, axons in the first cervical nerve (IK1) and terminals in neck muscles 44 and 51 (muscle classification: Snodgrass in Smithsonian Misc Coll 103:1-120, 1942). We show that muscle 44 actually comprises five separate bundles of muscle fibres (subunits), while muscle 51 is split into two subunits. Eight motor neurons innervate muscles 44 and 51. Two motor neurons have cell bodies in the ventral-median cell body group (one innervates a subunit in muscle 44, the other a subunit in muscle 51). One motor neuron has a ventrally located contralateral cell body (innervating a subunit in muscle 44) and five have laterally located ipsilateral cell bodies. Of the five lateral cells, one innervates a subunit in muscle 51, three selectively innervate subunits in muscle 44 and one co-innervates a subunit in muscle 44 with the contralateral cell. Extracellular recordings revealed three types of visually driven, direction-selective cell-types in each IK1 tuned for leftward, rightward and downward motion over the eyes. The spatiotemporal tuning of the units is similar to that of other visual interneurons in the bee brain.

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Local Innervation Patterns of the Metathoracic Flexor and Extensor Tibiae Motor Neurons in the Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Ballistic movements of jumping legs implemented as variable components of cricket behaviour

Ballistic movements of jumping legs implemented as variable components of cricket behaviour

Tonic Immobility in a Cricket: Neuronal Underpinnings of Global Motor Inhibition

The morphology, physiology and function of suboesophageal neck motor neurons in the honeybee

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