“…Fennoscandian research (Gustafsson and Hallingbäck 1988, Söderström et al 1992, Berg et al 1994, Kuusinen 1994, Uliczka and Angelstam 1999 shows that non-vascular plants are at particular long-term risk from forest management practises that do not allow for recruitment of large old trees, large snags, coarse woody debris and deciduous trees and tall shrubs. In the North American boreal forest, the effects of forest practises on bryophyte and lichen communities are comparatively little studied (but see Selva 1994, Webb 1996, Crites and Dale 1997, Newmaster et al 1999, Pharo and Vitt 2000. iii) Ecologically marginal species are plants growing beyond the expected range of soil, climate, or successional conditions for the species (Schumaker and Babble 1980).…”