Localization Technologies for Indoor Human Tracking

Abstract

The proliferation of wireless localization technologies provides a promising future for serving human beings in indoor scenarios. Their applications include real-time tracking, activity recognition, health care, navigation, emergence detection, and target-of-interest monitoring, among others. Additionally, indoor localization technologies address the inefficiency of GPS (Global Positioning System) inside buildings. Since people spend most of their time in indoor environments, indoor tracking service is in great public demand. Based on this observation, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of state-of-the-art technologies and stimulate new research efforts in this field. For these purposes, existing localization technologies that can be used for tracking individuals in indoor environments are reviewed, along with some further discussions.

A State-of-the-Art Survey of Indoor Positioning and Navigation Systems and Technologies

“…RF positioning system is a positioning technology that uses RF signals and infrastructures to determine the position of a person or object for tracking and navigation purposes (Da Zhang et al, 2010). The RF system has the benefits of its signal being able to penetrate walls and obstacles leading to a wider coverage area, as well as reusing existing RF infrastructures resulting in a relative cost reduction (Gu et al, 2009;Farid, Nordin, & Ismail, 2013).…”

“…However, in this case, distance measurements relative to three known reference points are used to determine position by computing the attenuation of the transmitted signal (Amundson & Koutsoukos, 2009;Da Zhang et al, 2010). Similarly, multilateration which is similar to trilateration uses four or more reference points (Mautz, 2012).…”

“…Triangulation (or angulation) uses the geometric properties of triangles to estimate the position of a target object by computing angular measurements relative to two known reference points (Da Zhang, Xia, Yang, Yao, & Zhao, 2010). In other words, the position of the target object is found by the intersection of two pairs of angle direction lines, a method known as direction finding (H. Liu et al, 2007;Da Zhang et al, 2010).…”

“…In other words, the position of the target object is found by the intersection of two pairs of angle direction lines, a method known as direction finding (H. Liu et al, 2007;Da Zhang et al, 2010). AOA is used to compute the distance between direction lines or fixed points to locate the object (H. Liu et al, 2007).…”

Extended Gradient Predictor and Filter for smoothing RSSI

“…In today's modern and technological world, position estimation plays an important role in all aspects of people's daily lives.In position estimation, accuracy is one of the key performance indicators for indoor position estimation. In real-time object tracking applications, continuous reception of RSSI measurements is mandatory so that exact position of the target node at each time instant can be identified [1], [2]. In Radio Frequency (RF) based wireless communication, position estimation is performed using RSSI, which is the parameter used to estimate distance between mobile and anchor nodes or APs [3], [4].…”