Long double-stranded sequences (dsRNA-B) of nuclear pre-mRNA consist of a few highly abundant classes of sequences: evidence from DNA cloning experiments

Крамеров, Д. А.; Grigoryan, and Armine; Ryskov, A. P.; Georgiev, G.P.

doi:10.1093/nar/6.2.697

Cited by 110 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Northern blot analysis reveals the heterogeneity of hnRNAs carrying such sequences [19,45] (Fig. 7).…”

Section: The Role Of Mouse B2 Sequence In Gene Construction By Introdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile genetic elements in animal cells and their biological significance

Georgiev¹

1984

European Journal of Biochemistry

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(Plenary lecture at the 16th FEBS Meeting in Moscow, June 30,1984) -EJB 84 0753 Mobile genetic elements were discovered by McClintock while analysing unstable mutations in maize. The structural and functional studies of such elements became possible after their cloning, first from the genome of Drosophilu melanoguster. In particular, Ilyin et al. demonstrated the varying location of the described elements in D. melunoguster chromosomes, thus providing the first evidence of their mobility. Mobile elements comprise a significant part of the genetic material in D. melunoguster (not less than 10%). Several classes of mobile elements do exist. Mobile dispersed genetic elements (mdg elements) are among the best characterized ones. Mdg elements are represented in the genome by dozens of families, each consisting of 10-150 copies. They are very similar structurally to proviruses of endogenous retroviruses. In particular, the both contain long terminal repeats (LTRs). The nucleotide sequences of LTRs and their flanking sequences of several mdg elements were determined. Their analysis suggested that RNA reverse transcription should be involved in the mdg amplification. It has been found that putative transposition intermediates, i.e. extrachromosomal DNA copies of mdg elements, are synthesized by reverse transcriptase in D. melanogaster culture cells. Another type of mobile genes is represented by P factor and similar elements. P factor seems to encode 'transposase' participating in direct excision and insertion of P elements themselves as well as of other mobile genes (mdg and fold-back elements). Besides these 'active transposons' which encode the enzyme machinery for transposition, a number of other sequences which may be transposed are present in the genome. RNAs synthesized on such elements can serve as a template for reverse transcriptase, and the DNA formed can then be inserted at new sites of the genome. Among such sequences are the so-called short ubiquitous repeats: B1 and B2 in mouse genome and Alu in human genome. We found that, at least in several cases, B-type sequences were located at the 3' end of mRNA. Short repetitive sequences were also detected at the 3' end of certain mRNAs of D. melunoguster. Usually the transpositions of mobile genes occur very rarely. However, under certain conditions, for example, in hybrid dysgenesis, they become more frequent.

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“…Northern blot analysis reveals the heterogeneity of hnRNAs carrying such sequences [19,45] (Fig. 7).…”

Section: The Role Of Mouse B2 Sequence In Gene Construction By Introdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile genetic elements in animal cells and their biological significance

Georgiev¹

1984

European Journal of Biochemistry

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“…Two classes of interspersed repeat DNA families have been identified, based on the length of the repeated element. Short interspersed repeated DNA families contain 100-to 300-base-pair (bp) repeat elements (12,28,32), whereas long interspersed repeated DNA families (LINE family) consist of elements that are quite complex and at least several kilobase pairs long (1,9,10,16,20,21,30,32,33).About one-third of the rat genome also is repeated DNA (25). This fraction is dominated by several highly repeated short interspersed repeated DNA families and at least one LINE family, as is the case for other mammalian genomes (42).…”

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confidence: 99%

Long interspersed repeated DNA (LINE) causes polymorphism at the rat insulin 1 locus.

Lakshmikumaran¹,

D’Ambrosio²,

Laimins³

et al. 1985

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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The insulin 1, but not the insulin 2, locus is polymorphic (i.e., exhibits allelic variation) in rats. Restriction enzyme analysis and hybridization studies showed that the polymorphic region is 2.2 kilobases upstream of the insulin 1 coding region and is due to the presence or absence of an approximately 2.7-kilobase repeated DNA element. DNA sequence determination showed that this DNA element is a member of a long interspersed repeated DNA family (LINE) that is highly repeated (>50,000 copies) and highly transcribed in the rat. Although the presence or absence of LINE sequences at the insulin 1 locus occurs in both the homozygous and heterozygous states, LINE-containing insulin 1 alleles are more prevalent in the rat population than are alleles without LINEs. Restriction enzyme analysis of the LINE-containing alleles indicated that at least two versions of the LINE sequence may be present at the insulin 1 locus in different rats. Either repeated transposition of LINE sequences or gene conversion between the resident insulin 1 LINE and other LINE sequences in the genome are possible explanations for this.About one-third of various mammalian genomes is composed of families of repeated DNA sequences (4, 32). A major portion of this DNA is highly repeated (i.e., >20,000 copies per family) and is interspersed among nonrepeated DNA (7). Two classes of interspersed repeat DNA families have been identified, based on the length of the repeated element. Short interspersed repeated DNA families contain 100-to 300-base-pair (bp) repeat elements (12,28,32), whereas long interspersed repeated DNA families (LINE family) consist of elements that are quite complex and at least several kilobase pairs long (1,9,10,16,20,21,30,32,33).About one-third of the rat genome also is repeated DNA (25). This fraction is dominated by several highly repeated short interspersed repeated DNA families and at least one LINE family, as is the case for other mammalian genomes (42). These families, which did not reanneal as highly repeated DNA (25), are highly transcribed in the rat (42).Whatever their function, repeated DNA sequences may affect contiguous DNA sequences. These include effects on gene activity due to regulatory elements in the repeated DNA (28), as well as deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation of the contiguous DNA sequences by homologous recombination between the resident repeated DNA sequence and other members of the repeat family in the genome. Such repeat DNA-mediated events are not just theoretical possibilities. One type of familial hypercholesteremia in humans, for example, is due to deletion of part of the gene for a lipoprotein receptor by recombination between two members of the human Alu short interspersed repeated DNA family (14).It recently was shown (8) that two single-copy DNA loci of rats are polymorphic due to the presence or absence of a full-length (-6.5-kilobase [kb]) member of the rat LINE family: the Igh locus and the Mlvi-2 locus, which is a site for the integration of Moloney leukemia virus (38)...

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“…5) and 101 is repeated with 80 percent homology from residues 192 to 236. These 2 homologous regions overlap 40 bp stretches (starting at residues 78 and 212, respectively) that have been observed to be highly conserved in human Alus and in rodent interspersed repeated sequence (36)(37)(38). The A residues at the end of the monkey sequence are preceded by a repetitive oligonucleotide AGAGAGAG that is complementary to the sequence TCTC found at a similar position in several human Alu sequences (18,37,39,40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Interspersed repeated sequences in the African green monkey genome that are homologous to the human Alu family

1981

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The dominant family of interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in the human genome has been termed the Alu family. We have found that more than 75% of the X phage in a recombinant library representing an African green monkey genome hybridize with a human Alu sequence under stringent conditions. A group of clones selected from the monkey library with probes other than the Alu sequence were analyzed for the presence and distribution of Alu family sequences. The analyses confirm the abundance of Alu sequences and demonstrate that more than one repeat unit is present in some phages. In the clones studied, the Alu units are separated by an average of 8 kilobase pairs of unrelated sequences. The nucleotide sequence of one monkey Alu sequence is reported and shown to resemble the human Alu sequences closely. Hence, the sequence, dispersion pattern, and copy number of the Alu family members are very similar in the African green monkey and human genomes.Among the clones investigated were two that contain segments of the satellite DNA termed o-component joined to non o-component DNA. The experiments indicate that in the monkey genome Alu sequences can occur close to regions of a-component DNA.

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Long double-stranded sequences (dsRNA-B) of nuclear pre-mRNA consist of a few highly abundant classes of sequences: evidence from DNA cloning experiments

Cited by 110 publications

References 21 publications

Mobile genetic elements in animal cells and their biological significance

Mobile genetic elements in animal cells and their biological significance

Long interspersed repeated DNA (LINE) causes polymorphism at the rat insulin 1 locus.

Interspersed repeated sequences in the African green monkey genome that are homologous to the human Alu family

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