Long Noncoding RNA SAMMSON Promotes Melanoma Progression by Inhibiting FOXA2 Expression

Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in melanoma initiation and development, serving as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for melanoma. lncRNA survival-associated mitochondrial melanoma-specific oncogenic noncoding RNA (SAMMSON) is upregulated in many types of human cancers. However, the functions of SAMMSON in melanoma have not been fully elucidated. This study is aimed at investigating the expression and functions of SAMMSON in melanoma development. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine the expression of SAMMSON and its correlation with the 10-year overall survival (OS) in melanoma patients. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis were detected by MTT, colony formation, Transwell assays, and mouse xenograft model. The expression of cell cycle-related factors, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) makers, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blotting analysis. The results demonstrated that SAMMSON expression was upregulated in melanoma tissues and cells, and lower SAMMSON expression was correlated with longer 10-year OS. SAMMSON knockdown decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells by regulating the expression of proliferation-related genes, EMT factors, and MMPs, respectively. Additionally, Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) was confirmed to be a target of SAMMSON, and the biological effects induced by FOXA2 overexpression were similar to those induced by SAMMSON silencing in melanoma cells. Further studies showed that SAMMSON downregulated FOXA2 expression in melanoma cells by modulating the EZH2/H3K27me3 axis. Taken together, our data indicate that SAMMSON plays an important role in melanoma progression and can be a valuable biomarker and therapeutic target in melanoma.

The oncogenic role of SAMMSON lncRNA in tumorigenesis: A comprehensive review with especial focus on melanoma

“…Several studies have shown that SAMMSON expression is increased in tissue and cancerous cells of melanoma 9,10,15–17 . According to the literature, p32 expression is elevated in tumours.…”

“…It can be concluded that SAMMSON, by modulating EZH2/H3K27me3 axis, regulates FOXA2 expression. Subsequently, FOXA2 impacts different aspects of phenotype malignancy in melanoma 17 . Malignant cancerous cells for providing metabolic demand are seriously dependent on protein synthesis.…”

“…Several studies have shown that SAMMSON expression is increased in tissue and cancerous cells of melanoma. 9 , 10 , 15 , 16 , 17 According to the literature, p32 expression is elevated in tumours. Similarly, p32 plays a crucial role in developing mitochondrial 16S rRNA and is involved in mitochondrial metabolism through modulation of its protein synthesis.…”

“…Subsequently, FOXA2 impacts different aspects of phenotype malignancy in melanoma. 17 Malignant cancerous cells for providing metabolic demand are seriously dependent on protein synthesis. Roberto et al reported that SAMMSON elevated rRNA maturation and protein synthesis in melanoma cancer cells.…”

Retracted: Long Noncoding RNA SAMMSON Promotes Melanoma Progression by Inhibiting FOXA2 Expression

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Manipulated or compromised peer review …”