Long noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular disease

Abstract

Purpose of review Here, we review recent findings on the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, we highlight some of the latest findings in lncRNA biology, providing an outlook for future avenues of lncRNA research in CVD. Recent findings Recent publications provide translational evidence from patient studies and animal models for the role of specific lncRNAs in CVD. The molecular effector mechanisms of these lncRNAs are diverse. Overall, cell-type selective modulation of gene expression is the largest common denominator. New methods, such as single-cell profiling and CRISPR/Cas9-screening, reveal additional novel mechanistic principles: For example, many lncRNAs establish RNA-based spatial compartments that concentrate effector proteins. Also, RNA modifications and splicing features can be determinants of lncRNA function. Summary lncRNA research is passing the stage of enumerating lncRNAs or recording simplified on-off expression switches. Mechanistic analyses are starting to reveal overarching principles of how lncRNAs can function. Exploring these principles with decisive genetic testing in vivo remains the ultimate test to discern how lncRNA loci, by RNA motifs or DNA elements, affect CVD pathophysiology.

Epigenetic modulation of long noncoding RNA H19 in oral squamous cell carcinoma-A narrative review

“…One such lncRNA, H19, exhibits high evolutionary conservation and is notably abundant in cardiac and vascular tissues. This abundance underscores its crucial contribution to preserving the balance and proper functioning of the cardiovascular system [ 60 ]. H19 expression is linked to adipogenesis and adipocyte function, influencing obesity-related pathways.…”

Insights into the defensive roles of lncRNAs during Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

“…LncRNAs affect cardiovascular development, including the embryonic development of the heart and vascular system (Kohlmaier et al, 2023). The lncRNA CARMEN can regulate the fate, differentiation, and homeostasis of human cardiac progenitor cells (Ounzain et al, 2015).…”

Non-Coding Ribonucleic Acids as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiac Fibrosis

“…LncRNAs commonly act to sponge miRNAs for direct repression but also recruit proteins to cellular sites of interest, regulate mRNA splicing, control protein translation, express micropeptides, and form microcompartments to concentrate effector proteins [64,65]. Scaffolding is one notable role; the lncRNA ANRIL antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus attaches to its target gene and as a scaffold for the WDR5 (WD repeat-containing protein 5) and HDAC3 (histone deacetylase 3) proteins, leading to phenotype switching in vascular smooth muscle cells in a model of atherosclerotic heart disease [66].…”