Long noncoding RNAs as regulators of cancer immunity

Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly known to be important in cancer as they directly interact with the cell cycle, proliferation pathways and microbiome balance. Moreover, lncRNAs regulate the immune system: they do not directly encode proteins of innate or adaptive immunity, but regulate immune cell differentiation and function, such as dendritic cell activity, T cell ratio and metabolism. The result of this complex interaction is that lncRNAs regulate cancer processes through a complex multimodal system involving immunity, metabolism and infection. The possible functions of lncRNAs and their roles in the regulation of cancer immunity will be reported and discussed in the present review. Recent studies showed their function as regulators in the tumour microenvironment (TME), epithelial–mesenchymal transition, microbiota, metabolism and immune cell differentiation. However, there is not much knowledge regarding their roles in cancer immunity regulation. Thus, the main aim of this review is to describe lncRNAs that have specifically been associated with immunity, the immune cycle and the TME.

Interactions between the MicroRNAs and Microbiota in Cancer Development: Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities

“…Finally, in the near future, a whole series of new research areas seem to be opening up in the context of the study on microbiota, non-coding genetic material and neoplastic disease. A fascinating field of study could be the analysis of the relationships between microbiota, neoplasms and non-coding genetic material other than miRNAs, such as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) [86].…”

Long Non-coding RNAs: Emerging Roles in the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment

“…Denaro et al have reviewed that immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and myeloid cells, regulate cancer immunity through lncRNAsrelated pathways. Some lncRNAs have been highlighted as theraputic targets and diagnostic markers in cancers (43). Thus, it is valuable to consider that lncRNAs participating in tumor immunosuppression have the potential for clinical applications.…”

“…Thus, lncRNA expressions in a certain cancer type could not be validated in other types of cancers. Recently, some studies have reviewed the literatures related to lncRNAs that are associated with various immune cells and stromal cells in adaptive/innate immune system or in TME (22,23,25,43). It is worth noting that most of them have great potential for cancer research in the respect of tumor immunotherapy.…”

LncRNA00518 promotes cell proliferation through regulating miR-101 in bladder cancer

“…Growing evidences have revealed the functions of lncRNAs in many biological processes through multiple levels [10]. In particular, differentially expressed lncRNAs participate in tumor development, and can be utilized as diagnostic marker for predicting the risk of tumorigenesis [11,12]. For example, lncAA174084 expression in gastric juice can predict the occurrence of gastric cancer [13].…”