Long-Range ICN for the IoT: Exploring a LoRa System Design

Kietzmann, Peter; Álamos, José; Kutscher, Dirk; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Wählisch, Matthias

doi:10.23919/ifipnetworking55013.2022.9829792

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Motivated by the LoRaWAN deficiencies, we are basing our work on the new DSME-based LoRa MAC design that was introduced by [28]. It has the following key properties that are relevant to this paper:…”

Section: Dsme and Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We exclude node association and dynamic slot allocation from this work, as they are orthogonal to the informationcentric and delay-tolerant networking aspects. Evolving [28], we simplify the ICN-DSME mapping and use the CAP only for node registration (see below), and the CFP for regular network layer traffic since it guarantees exclusive media access. For the CFP traffic, we implement static scheduling.…”

Section: Mapping Of Icn To Dsmementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kietzmann et al [28] present a design of an improved, IEEE 802.15.4e DSME [25] based MAC layer for LoRa that supports packet-based communication, specifically ICN-style Interest/Data communication. Yet, RTTs can still be on the order of seconds due to the underlying power saving regime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) A complete implementation of the DSME MAC layer for LoRa [28] and our ICN protocol extensions on RIOT [6], serving common LoRa sensors and RIOT-based gateways https://github.com/inetrg/ACM-ICN-LoRa-ICN-2022.git.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delay-tolerant ICN and its application to LoRa

Kietzmann

Álamos

Kutscher

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking

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Connecting long-range wireless networks to the Internet imposes challenges due to vastly longer round-trip-times (RTTs). In this paper, we present an ICN protocol framework that enables robust and efficient delay-tolerant communication to edge networks. Our approach provides ICN-idiomatic communication between networks with vastly different RTTs. We applied this framework to LoRa, enabling end-to-end consumer-to-LoRa-producer interaction over an ICN-Internet and asynchronous data production in the LoRa edge. Instead of using LoRaWAN, we implemented an IEEE 802.15.4e DSME MAC layer on top of the LoRa PHY and ICN protocol mechanisms in RIOT OS. Executed on off-the-shelf IoT hardware, we provide a comparative evaluation for basic NDN-style ICN [60], RICE [31]-like pulling, and reflexive forwarding [46]. This is the first practical evaluation of ICN over LoRa using a reliable MAC. Our results show that periodic polling in NDN works inefficiently when facing long and differing RTTs. RICE reduces polling overhead and exploits gateway knowledge, without violating ICN principles. Reflexive forwarding reflects sporadic data generation naturally. Combined with a local data push, it operates efficiently and enables lifetimes of >1 year for battery powered LoRa-ICN nodes. CCS CONCEPTS• Networks → Network design principles; Wireless access points, base stations and infrastructure; Link-layer protocols.

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Section: Dsme and Loramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mapping Of Icn To Dsmementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Delay-tolerant ICN and its application to LoRa

Kietzmann

Álamos

Kutscher

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking

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“…In this paper, we want to answer the research question of how LoRa can be integrated with such a flexible MAC layer and how this stack performs in various settings. In particular, we want to show how LoRa end nodes can be opened up for hosting various network layers such as standard IP or data-centric adaptations [32]. The contributions of this article are as follows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DSME-LoRa: Seamless Long-range Communication between Arbitrary Nodes in the Constrained IoT

Álamos¹,

Kietzmann²,

Schmidt

et al. 2022

ACM Trans. Sen. Netw.

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Long range radio communication is preferred in many IoT deployments as it avoids the complexity of multi-hop wireless networks. LoRa is a popular, energy-efficient wireless modulation but its networking substrate LoRaWAN introduces severe limitations to its users. In this paper, we present and thoroughly analyze DSME-LoRa, a system design of LoRa with IEEE 802.15.4 Deterministic Synchronous Multichannel Extension (DSME) as a MAC layer. DSME-LoRa offers the advantage of seamless client-to-client communication beyond the pure gateway-centric transmission of LoRaWAN. We evaluate its feasibility via a full-stack implementation on the popular RIOT operating system, assess its steady-state packet flows in an analytical stochastic Markov model, and quantify its scalability in massive communication scenarios using large scale network simulations. Our findings indicate that DSME-LoRa is indeed a powerful approach that opens LoRa to standard network layers and outperforms LoRaWAN in many dimensions.

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