Long‐term Results Comparing Cervical Disc Arthroplasty to Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Objective Whether cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) is superior to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) remains controversial, especially in relation to long‐term results. The present study aimed to evaluate the long‐term safety and efficiency of CDA and ACDF for cervical disc disease. Methods We performed this study according to the Cochrane methodology. An extensive search was undertaken in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to 1 June 2019 using the following key words: “anterior cervical fusion,” “arthroplasty,” “replacement” and “artificial disc”. RevMan 5.3 (Cochrane, London, UK) was used to analyze data. Safety and efficiency outcome measures included the success rate, functional outcome measures, adverse events (AE), adjacent segment degeneration (ASD), secondary surgery, and patients’ satisfaction and recommendation rates. The OR and MD with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate discontinuous and continuous variables, respectively. The statistically significant level was set at P < 0.05. Results A total of 11 randomized controlled trials with 3505 patients (CDA/ACDF: 1913/1592) were included in this meta‐analysis. Compared with ACDF, CDA achieved significantly higher overall success (2.10, 95% CI [1.70, 2.59]), neck disability index (NDI) success (1.73, 95% CI [1.37, 2.18]), neurological success (1.65, 95% CI [1.24, 2.20]), patients’ satisfaction (2.14, 95% CI [1.50, 3.05]), and patients’ recommendation rates (3.23, 95% CI [1.79, 5.80]). Functional outcome measures such as visual analog score neck pain (−5.50, 95% CI [−8.49, −2.52]) and arm pain (−3.78, 95% CI [−7.04, −0.53]), the Short Form‐36 physical component score (SF‐36 PCS) (1.93, 95% CI [0.53, 3.32]), and the Short Form‐36 mental component score (SF‐36 MCS) (2.62, 95% CI [0.95, 4.29]), revealed superiority in the CDA group. CDA also achieved a significantly lower rate of symptomatic ASD (0.46, 95% CI [0.34, 0.63]), total secondary surgery (0.50, 95% CI [0.29, 0.87]), secondary surgery at the index level (0.46, 95% CI [0.29, 0.74]), and secondary surgery at the adjacent level (0.37, 95% CI [0.28, 0.49]). However, no significant difference was found in radiological success (1.35, 95% CI [0.88, 2.08]), NDI score (−2.88, 95% CI [−5.93, 0.17]), total reported AE (1.14, 95% CI [0.92, 1.42]), serious AE (0.89, 95% CI [0.71, 1.11]), device/surgery‐related AE (0.90, 95% CI [0.68, 1.18]), radiological superior ASD (0.63, 95% CI [0.28, 1.43]), inferior ASD (0.45, 95% CI [0.19, 1.11]), and work status (1.33, 95% CI [0.78, 2.25]). Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed different results between US and non‐US groups. Conclusion Our study provided further evidence that compared to ACDF, CDA had a higher long‐term clinical success rate and better functional outcome measurements, and resulted in less symptomatic ASD and fewer secondary surgeries. However, worldwide multicenter RCT with long‐term follow up are still needed for further evaluation in the future.

Cervical Radiculopathy Focus on Characteristics and Differential Diagnosis

“…However, more recently, CDA was formally approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for single-and two-level cervical degenerative disc disease [60]. Several reviews have concluded that CDA is superior to ACDF in long-term clinical success rates and better functional outcome measurements [61,62]. Until now, some controversial issues still remain unresolved, including surgical outcomes, ASD, heterotopic ossification, wear debris, and multi-level CDA.…”

Comparison of the safety of outpatient cervical disc replacement with inpatient cervical disc replacement

“…[ 1 ] Compared with the traditional fusion surgery, CDR aims at preserving the range of motion at the pathological level and restoring the physiological properties of the cervical spine to the most extent. [ 2 , 3 ] Several randomized controlled trials comparing the safety and efficiency of CDR with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion have proven the noninferiority of CDR. [ 4 – 8 ] In addition, studies showed that both 1-level and 2-level CDR is more cost-effective in long-term follow-up.…”

Cervical disc arthroplasty: What we know in 2020 and a literature review

“…Meta-analyses suggest that cervical arthroplasty is associated with a significantly lower incidence of ASD and reoperation. 31,34 Increased attention has been focused on the secondary surgery rate due to adjacent segment degeneration. According to previous reports, anterior cervical arthrodesis had higher reoperation rates than cervical arthroplasty.…”