Long‐term SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific and cross‐reactive cellular immune responses correlate with humoral responses, disease severity, and symptomatology

Laurén, Ida; Havervall, Sebastian; Ng, Henry; Lord, Martin; Pettke, Aleksandra; Greilert-Norin, Nina; Gabrielsson, Lena; Chourlia, Aikaterini; Leite, Catarina; Josyula, Vijay S; Eltahir, Mohamed; Kerzeli, Iliana; Falk, August Jernbom; Hober, Jonathan; Christ, Wanda; Wiberg, Anna; Hedhammar, My; Tegel, Hanna; Burman, Joachim; Xu, Feifei; Pin, Elisa; Månberg, Anna; Klingström, Jonas; Christoffersson, Gustaf; Hober, Sophia; Nilsson, Peter; Philipson, Mia; Dönnes, Pierre; Lindsay, Robin S.; Thålin, Charlotte; Mangsbo, Sara M.

doi:10.1002/iid3.595

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“… 56 However, no obvious correlation was obtained between NAb titers and MTC responses, which was not consistent with prior reports that memory T-cell responses were correlated with neutralizing antibody responses. 57 , 58 This may be due to bias from the limited number of tested participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in returning Chinese individuals

Yuan,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Global COVID-19 vaccination programs effectively contained the fast spread of SARS-CoV-2. Characterizing the immunity status of returned populations will favor understanding the achievement of herd immunity and long-term management of COVID-19 in China. Individuals were recruited from 7 quarantine stations in Guangzhou, China. Blood and throat swab specimens were collected from participants, and their immunity status was determined through competitive ELISA, microneutralization assay and enzyme-linked FluoroSpot assay. A total of 272 subjects were involved in the questionnaire survey, of whom 235 (86.4%) were returning Chinese individuals and 37 (13.6%) were foreigners. Blood and throat swab specimens were collected from 108 returning Chinese individuals. Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in ~90% of returning Chinese individuals, either in the primary or the homologous and heterologous booster vaccination group. The serum NAb titers were significantly decreased against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1 and XBB.1 compared with the prototype virus. However, memory T-cell responses, including specific IFN-γ and IL-2 responses, were not different in either group. Smoking, alcohol consumption, SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccination, and the time interval between last vaccination and sampling were independent influencing factors for NAb titers against prototype SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. The vaccine dose was the unique common influencing factor for Omicron subvariants. Enhanced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 was established in returning Chinese individuals who were exposed to reinfection and vaccination. Domestic residents will benefit from booster homologous or heterologous COVID-19 vaccination after reopening of China, which is also useful against breakthrough infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in returning Chinese individuals

Yuan,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…There is also a great degree of variation between different variants of SARS-CoV-2 [ 6 , 9 , 10 ]. The delta variant is much more lethal than the omicron variant, which is highly contagious [ 58 , 59 ]. Presently, the scientific reasons why the disease is severe in some individuals and very mild in others are not clear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential use of endemic human coronaviruses to stimulate immunity against pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 and its variants

Shamabadi

Bagasra

Pawar

et al. 2023

Libyan Journal of Medicine

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While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans, there is a wide range of disease outcomes following virus exposures. Some individuals are asymptomatic while others develop complications within a few days after infection that can lead to fatalities in a smaller portion of the population. In the present study, we have analyzed the factors that may influence the outcome of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. One factor that may influence virus control is pre-existing immunity conferred by an individual’s past exposures to endemic coronaviruses (eCOVIDs) which cause the common cold in humans and generally, most children are exposed to one of the four eCOVIDs before 2 years of age. Here, we have carried out protein sequence analyses to show the amino acid homologies between the four eCOVIDs (i.e. OC43, HKU1, 229E, and NL63) as well as examining the cross-reactive immune responses between SARS-CoV-2 and eCOVIDs by epidemiologic analyses. Our results show that the nations where continuous exposures to eCOVIDs are very high due to religious and traditional causes showed significantly lower cases and low mortality rates per 100,000. We hypothesize that in the areas of the globe where Muslims are in majority and due to religious practices are regularly exposed to eCOVIDs they show a significantly lower infection, as well as mortality rate, and that is due to pre-existing cross-immunity against SARS-CoV-2. This is due to cross-reactive antibodies and T-cells that recognize SARS-CoV-2 antigens. We also have reviewed the current literature that has also proposed that human infections with eCOVIDs impart protection against disease caused by subsequent exposure to SARS-CoV-2. We propose that a nasal spray vaccine consisting of selected genes of eCOVIDs would be beneficial against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic coronaviruses.

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“…Evidence in the literature supports the existence of strong T cell immunity in convalescent individuals, 11 and the retention of broad cross‐reactive responses to multiple variants one year post‐initial exposure has also been reported 12 . Furthermore SARS‐CoV‐2 memory T cell responses have been speculated to be important in alleviating disease severity 13 . COVID‐19 vaccination is shown to provide adequate boosting of the humoral response nearing that of natural infection in healthy individuals 14–16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“… 12 Furthermore SARS‐CoV‐2 memory T cell responses have been speculated to be important in alleviating disease severity. 13 COVID‐19 vaccination is shown to provide adequate boosting of the humoral response nearing that of natural infection in healthy individuals. 14 , 15 , 16 To our knowledge, none have thus far reported on immune responses of lymphopenic plateletpheresis donors following vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID‐19 vaccine humoral response in frequent platelet donors with plateletpheresis‐associated lymphopenia

et al. 2022

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Background: Plateletpheresis involves platelet separation and collection from whole blood while other blood cells are returned to the donor. Because platelets are replaced faster than red blood cells, as many as 24 donations can be done annually. However, some frequent apheresis platelet donors (>20 donations annually) display severe plateletpheresis-associated lymphopenia; in particular, CD4 + T but not B cell numbers are decreased. COVID-19 vaccination thereby provides a model to assess whether lymphopenic platelet donors present compromised humoral immune responses. Study Design and Methods: We assessed vaccine responses following 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccination in a cohort of 43 plateletpheresis donors with a range of pre-vaccination CD4 + T cell counts (76-1537 cells/μl). In addition to baseline T cell measurements, antibody binding assays to full-length Spike and the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) were performed pre-and post-vaccination. Furthermore, pseudo-particle neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays were conducted to measure antibody functionality. Results: Participants were stratified into two groups: <400 CD4/μl (n = 27) and ≥ 400 CD4/μl (n = 16). Following the first dose, 79% seroconverted within the <400 CD4/μl group compared to 87% in the ≥400 CD4/μl group; all donors were seropositive post-second dose with significant increases in antibody levels. Importantly differences in CD4 + T cell levels minimally impacted neutralization, Spike recognition, and IgG Fc-mediated effector functions.Discussion: Overall, our results indicate that lymphopenic plateletpheresis donors do not exhibit significant immune dysfunction; they have retained the T and B cell functionality necessary for potent antibody responses after vaccination.

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Long‐term SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific and cross‐reactive cellular immune responses correlate with humoral responses, disease severity, and symptomatology

Cited by 8 publications

References 60 publications

Enhanced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in returning Chinese individuals

Enhanced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in returning Chinese individuals

Potential use of endemic human coronaviruses to stimulate immunity against pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 and its variants

COVID‐19 vaccine humoral response in frequent platelet donors with plateletpheresis‐associated lymphopenia

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