Long-term spatiotemporal mapping in lacustrine environment by remote sensing:Review with case study, challenges, and future directions

Lai, Lai; Liu, Yuchen; Zhang, Yuchao; Cao, Zhen; Yin, Yuepeng; Chen, Xi; Jin, Jiale; Wu, Shuimu

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.122457

Water Research

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122457

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Long-term spatiotemporal mapping in lacustrine environment by remote sensing:Review with case study, challenges, and future directions

Lai Lai,

Yuchen Liu,

Yuchao Zhang

et al.

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Molecular Mechanisms of Skatole-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells: Implications for Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Ishii,

Naito,

Tanaka

et al. 2024

Cells

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Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in intestinal epithelial cells significantly contribute to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Given our previous findings that TNF-α is upregulated in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells induced by skatole, a tryptophan-derived gut microbiota metabolite, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between skatole and IL-6, alongside TNF-α. Skatole elevated the promoter activity of IL-6 as well as TNF-α, and increased IL-6 mRNA expression and protein secretion. In addition to activating NF-κB, the NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 reduced skatole-induced cell survival and the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. NF-κB activation was attenuated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibitor U0126 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580, but not by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125. U126 and SB203580 also decreased the skatole-induced increase in IL-6 expression. When skatole-induced AhR activation was inhibited by CH223191, in addition to promoting NF-κB activation, IL-6 expression was enhanced in a manner similar to that previously reported for TNF-α. Taken together, these results suggest that skatole-elicited NF-κB activation induces IL-6 and TNF-α expression, although AhR activation partially suppresses this process. The ability of skatole to increase the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α may significantly affect the development and progression of these diseases. Moreover, the balance between NF-κB and AhR activation appears to govern the skatole-induced increases in IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Therefore, the present findings provide new insights into the mechanisms linking tryptophan-derived gut microbiota metabolites with colorectal disease.

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Molecular Mechanisms of Skatole-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells: Implications for Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Ishii,

Naito,

Tanaka

et al. 2024

Cells

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Long-term spatiotemporal mapping in lacustrine environment by remote sensing:Review with case study, challenges, and future directions

Cited by 1 publication

References 150 publications

Molecular Mechanisms of Skatole-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells: Implications for Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Molecular Mechanisms of Skatole-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells: Implications for Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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