Looking at Faces: Local and Global Aspects of Scanpaths

Groner, Rudolf; Walder, F.; Groner, Marina

doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61874-9

Cited by 72 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…We will focus on the latter. Research on gaze behavior during face processing in healthy populations is in high agreement that participants fixate first and foremost the eyes and mouth when no instructions are given prior to viewing the faces (Groner, Walder, & Groner 1984;Janik, Wellens, Goldberg, & Dell'Osso, 1978;Yarbus, 1967). Jeffreys, Tukmachi, and Rockley (1992) studied the relationship between evoked potential and fixation position with facial images and concluded that the point between both eyes might be the position from which optimal processing occurs.…”

Section: Research On Gaze Behavior During Face Processingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gaze behavior in analytical and holistic face processing

2005

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Humans are experts at recognizing faces. We identify faces quickly and exactly without any effort. Small wonder, then, that extensive research has been carried out to understand the stages of information processing that underlie face-recognition performance. The two relevant stages of information processing are perceptual encoding and information processing. In the area of face processing, most studies have focused on the latter and have shown that people often use the configural processing mode-processing the relations among the facial features (e.g., Diamond & Carey, 1986;Farah, Tanaka, & Drain, 1995;Farah, Wilson, Drain, & Tanaka, 1998;Freire, Lee, & Symons, 2000;Tanaka & Farah, 1993). Analytical face processing has been emphasized as being relevant, too (e.g., Bruyer & Coget, 1987;Macho & Leder, 1998;Schwarzer & Massaro, 2001), and most recent studies concern the question of whether and how both configural and analytical information processing play a role in face recognition (e.g., Collishaw & Hole, 2000;Leder & Bruce, 2000;Schwaninger, Lobmaier, & Collishaw, 2002;Searcy & Bartlett, 1996;Tanaka & Sengco, 1997). However, very few studies address the visual encoding stage in face processing directly and analyze what kind of facial information is extracted during face processing. According to Viviani (1990), the analysis of gaze behavior can be understood as a method to study the stage of visual encoding. Therefore, to understand the visual encoding stage of face processing, the present study investigated participants' gaze behavior when they processed faces analytically or configurally. Research on the Different Modes of Face ProcessingAs mentioned above, the information processing modes people use to recognize faces is of both configural and analytical character. According to Maurer, Le Grand, and Mondloch (2002), configural processing can be divided into three types: (1) processing of first-order relationsthat is, seeing that a stimulus is a face because the features are arranged with two eyes above a nose, which is above a mouth; (2) holistic processing-that is, gluing together the features into a gestalt; and (3) processing second-order relations-that is, processing the specific distances among the features. Previous research has shown that adults use all of these three types of configural processing: They have a remarkable ability to detect faces among a sample of other visual stimuli on the basis of first-order relations (Moscovitch, Winocur, & Behrmann, 1997). When adults detect the first-order relations of a face, they tend to process the face as a gestalt (holistic processing), which makes it harder to process individual features. This effect was demonstrated by the "composite face effect" (e.g., Young, Hellaway, & Hay, 1987), in which the top half of a face can be recognized correctly when it is presented in isolation, but that recognition is significantly slower when the top half is combined with the bottom half of a different face. Holistic processing of faces has also been demonstrated by the "par...

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Section: Research On Gaze Behavior During Face Processingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gaze behavior in analytical and holistic face processing

2005

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“…The degree to which a scanpath is local is operationalized as the proportion of saccades with an amplitude below a certain threshold (Groner et al, 1984), which is typically selected to be around 1.5°. Local scans (short saccades) are argued to correspond to detailed inspection, while global scans (long saccades) reveal overview looking.…”

Section: Local Versus Globalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When successive transition matrices ("chaining" them) are multiplied, the probability of longer paths can be calculated, but it is not a calculation that can give us the relative prevalence of selected groups of longer sequences (such as overview vs. focused behavior), but only probabilistic estimations of how likely longer single sequences are (Ross, 2006). Groner et al (1984) counted triplets of AOIs, sequences of length 3, from a face scene with seven AOIs. They found that back-and-forth movements between the eyes were the most common triplets.…”

Section: Autocorrelation (Acf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A method for quantifying focused versus overview behavior in AOI sequences

et al. 2011

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“…This type of clustering extends prior methods for clustering of local and global scanpaths [Groner et al 1984], because saccadic vectors are not only clustered according to their distance, but also according to their direction.…”

Section: Scanpath Simplificationmentioning

confidence: 96%

A vector-based, multidimensional scanpath similarity measure

Jarodzka¹,

Holmqvist

Nyström

2010

Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research &Amp; Applications - ETRA '10

143

112

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Figure 1: Are these scanpaths similar? Scanpaths from two participants looking at the same stimulus. AbstractA great need exists in many fields of eye-tracking research for a robust and general method for scanpath comparisons. Current measures either quantize scanpaths in space (string editing measures like the Levenshtein distance) or in time (measures based on attention maps). This paper proposes a new pairwise scanpath similarity measure. Unlike previous measures that either use AOI sequences or forgo temporal order, the new measure defines scanpaths as a series of geometric vectors and compares temporally aligned scanpaths across several dimensions: shape, fixation position, length, direction, and fixation duration. This approach offers more multifaceted insights to how similar two scanpaths are. Eight fictitious scanpath pairs are tested to elucidate the strengths of the new measure, both in itself and compared to two of the currently most popular measures -the Levenshtein distance and attention map correlation.

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Looking at Faces: Local and Global Aspects of Scanpaths

Cited by 72 publications

References 4 publications

Gaze behavior in analytical and holistic face processing

Gaze behavior in analytical and holistic face processing

A method for quantifying focused versus overview behavior in AOI sequences

A vector-based, multidimensional scanpath similarity measure

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