Looming Auditory Collision Warnings for Semi-Automated Driving

Willingness to take responsibility: Self-sacrifice versus sacrificing others in takeover decisions during autonomous driving

“…Considering a previous study showing that the driving context affects preferences for AV decisions [ 10 ] and the present findings demonstrating that the driving context affects the driver's intention to take over, cars should come with personalizable intelligent systems and takeover decisions should be fostered by informing drivers that the emergency affects the safety of drivers. For instance, in future AVs, the warning sound for a takeover request could use a looming sound to enhance the perceived risk of drivers who showed effectiveness in emergency braking [ 60 ]; additionally, information about the AV's driving intention, when only the AV's decision influences the safety of the driver, could be provided to enhance their situational awareness and willingness to take over without notifying the driver of the AV's driving intention when safety is guaranteed to prevent drivers from leaving the decision to the AV. Additionally, the findings of the present study suggest that in the future, even in Level-4 autonomous driving, AVs should be designed to hand over control to the driver when decisions are directly related to their safety; if the driver does leave a decision to the AV, they should be asked to allow the car to decide on its own even in life-threatening situations.…”

Researches on Adaptive Cruise Control system: A state of the art review

“…Results show that looming sounds are more helpful for discrimination of a collision event and result in a shorter driver reaction time. 158 Driver distraction during ACC mode is studied in addition to psychological effect. A meta-analysis of simulator and on-road studies 159 was conducted in 2014 to demonstrate influence of ACC on drivers' workload and situation awareness.…”

Engineering human-in-the-loop interactions in cyber-physical systems

“…Recently, in [28], the authors have investigated how susceptible human drivers are to auditory signals in different situations (stationary, driving, or autonomous driving), concluding that it is important to consider the limitations of the human brain in terms of susceptibility to auditory alerts. Looming sounds are analyzed in [29], where authors investigate and demonstrate that looming sounds can similarly benefit emergency braking in managing a vehicle with ACC. The authors suggest that it is a viable design principle to design auditory warnings to be consistent with the visual event that the warnings are intended to elicit a fast response to.…”

“…2. Get user attention: Several works in the reviewed literature ( [26], [28] and [29]) have reported that human involvement requires human participation even when human attentional, cognitive, and physical resources are limited. The human can be distracted or focused on other tasks at the moment the CPS could require his/her participation.…”