LoRa Networking Techniques for Large-scale and Long-term IoT: A Down-to-top Survey

Li, Chenning; Cao, Zhichao

doi:10.1145/3494673

Cited by 34 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…In this section, we discuss aspects of the LoRa physical layer relevant to this paper and related work on media access control (MAC) protocols for WSNs and LoRa-based LPWANs. We refer to available surveys for more detailed discussions [14], [17]- [19].…”

Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Low-Cost Low-Power LoRa Mesh Network for Large-Scale Environmental Sensing

Liebeherr

2023

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Sustainability and climate monitoring efforts create a need for long-term remote sensing of large geographic areas. However, environmental monitoring in remote areas of developing countries remains impeded by a lack of low-cost, scalable IoT solutions. Whereas IoT systems for remote sensing abound, they mostly are either low-cost or suitable for large areas, but not both. In this paper, we present a low-cost low-power network solution for remote sensing of areas up to hundreds of square kilometers. Taking advantage of LoRa technology, we develop a self-organizing mesh network that can be scaled to a hundred and more nodes. Scalability is achieved by developing methods that mitigate packet collisions during data collection. We present a protocol, called CottonCandy, with which nodes self-organize in a spanning-tree network topology in a distributed fashion. A power profile on a custom-built circuit board shows that CottonCandy nodes can run thousands of duty cycles on 2 AA batteries, sufficient to operate for years in many applications. Using offthe-shelf components, the cost of a CottonCandy node is less than US-$ 15. Evaluations by simulation show that CottonCandy networks with 100 nodes achieve a packet delivery ratio of >90%. Measurements of an outdoor deployment with 15 nodes corroborate the high packet delivery ratio in a real-life setting.D. Wu and J. Liebeherr are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto.network topology, where the root is a gateway device with access to the Internet. The hierarchical structure of a spanning tree enables simple, recursive protocols for both uplink and downlink communications.The contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:1) We devise collision mitigation methods that result in a high delivery ratio on multi-hop routes. 2) We present a self-organizing protocol that enables nodes to synchronize their duty cycles, to dynamically join the spanning tree network, and to participate in a requestbased data collection of sensor data. 3) We design a prototype CottonCandy node with a unit cost below US-$ 15. A detailed power profile shows that the prototype can operate for thousands of data cycles on 2 AA batteries. Assuming that environmental data is collected a few times per day, this ensures a battery lifetime in excess of one year. 4) We validate the performance claims of our protocol via simulation and outdoor measurement experiments. Simulations show that a CottonCandy network, even with 100 nodes, achieves a packet delivery ratio above 90%. The findings are confirmed in measurements of a deployed network with 15 nodes.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we discuss related work. In Sec. III, we present methods for collision mitigation in multi-hop LoRa networks. In Sec. IV, we describe the CottonCandy protocol. The CottonCandy prototype is discussed in Sec. V. We present a performance evaluations using simulations in Sec. VI, and outdoor measurement experiments in Sec. VII. We present brief conclus...

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Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, multi-hop relaying toward the gateway in large networks incurs a high risk of packet collisions. The latter can be mitigated by resorting to time-division multiplexing [9], [13] or assigned frequency bands [14], which, however, limit the scalability of the LPWAN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost Low-Power LoRa Mesh Network for Large-Scale Environmental Sensing

Liebeherr

2023

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Section: Background and Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost Low-Power LoRa Mesh Network for Large-Scale Environmental Sensing

Wu¹,

Liebeherr²

2022

Preprint

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Sustainability and climate monitoring efforts create a need for long-term remote sensing of large geographic areas. However, environmental monitoring in remote areas of developing countries remains impeded by a lack of low-cost, scalable IoT~solutions. Whereas IoT systems for remote sensing abound, they mostly are either low-cost or suitable for large areas, but not both. In this paper, we present a low-cost low-power network solution for remote sensing of areas up to hundreds of square kilometers. Taking advantage of LoRa technology, we develop a self-organizing mesh network that can be scaled to a hundred and more nodes. Scalability is achieved by developing methods that mitigate packet collisions during data collection. We present a protocol, called CottonCandy, with which nodes self-organize in a spanning-tree network topology in a distributed fashion. A power profile on a custom-built circuit board shows that CottonCandy nodes can run thousands of duty cycles on 2~AA batteries, sufficient to operate for years in many applications. Using off-the-shelf components, the cost of a CottonCandy node is less than US-$ 15. Evaluations by simulation show that CottonCandy networks with 100 nodes achieve a packet delivery ratio of >90%. Measurements of an outdoor deployment with 15~nodes corroborate the high packet delivery ratio in a real-life setting.

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“…[44] Provides a tutorial on the LoRa standard, and surveys existing solutions, hot topics and future insights for building energy efficient IoT infrastructures and IoT devices. [45] Categorizes and compares LoRa networking techniques. [21] Surveys LoRa from a systematic perspective: LoRa analysis, communication, security, and its enabled applications.…”

Section: B Motivation and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Chirp Spread Spectrum-based Waveform Design for IoT

Azim¹,

Bazzi²,

Shubair³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Long Range (LoRa) is one of the most promising and widespread chirp spread spectrum (CSS)-based physical (PHY) layer technique for low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). Using different spreading factors, LoRa can attain different spectral/energy efficiencies, and can target multitude of Internet-of-Thing (IoT) applications. However, one of the limiting factors for LoRa is the low bit rate. Little to no effort has been made in order to improve the achievable rate of LoRa, until recently, when a number of CSS-based PHY layer LoRa alternative are proposed for LPWANs. In this survey, for the first time, we present a comprehensive waveform design of these CSS-based schemes that have been proposed between 2019 to 2022. In total, fifteen alternatives to LoRa are compared. Other survey articles related to LoRa mostly tackle different issues, such as LoRa networking, LoRa deployment in massive IoT networks, and LoRa architectures, etc. This survey, on the other hand, comprehensively elucidates the waveform design of LoRa alternatives. The CSS schemes studied in this survey are divided into single chirp, multiple chirp, and index modulation based on the multiplexing pattern of the chirps. Complete transceiver architecture of these CSS schemes is studied, and performance is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency (EE), spectral efficiency (SE), bit-error rate (BER) performance in additive white Gaussian noise, BER in the presence of phase and frequency offsets. It has been observed that the EE, SE and robustness against the offsets is primarily linked to transmit symbol frame structure. The public versions of the MATLAB codes for the CSS schemes studied in this survey shall be provided to promote reproducible research.

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LoRa Networking Techniques for Large-scale and Long-term IoT: A Down-to-top Survey

Cited by 34 publications

References 98 publications

A Low-Cost Low-Power LoRa Mesh Network for Large-Scale Environmental Sensing

A Low-Cost Low-Power LoRa Mesh Network for Large-Scale Environmental Sensing

A Low-Cost Low-Power LoRa Mesh Network for Large-Scale Environmental Sensing

A Survey on Chirp Spread Spectrum-based Waveform Design for IoT

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