Low Calorie Dieting Increases Cortisol

Tomiyama, A. Janet; Mann, Traci; Vinas, Danielle; Hunger, Jeffrey M.; Dejager, Jill; Taylor, Shelley E.

doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d9523c

Cited by 161 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…On the one hand, the mental aspect of dieting and dietary restraint, e.g. preoccupations with food and eating, calorie counting, has been related with increased perceived stress and markers of biological stress (cortisol) [8,20,[47][48][49]. In line with this, relatively more individuals with repeated weight loss behaviours also reported restrictive eating tendencies, characterising these individuals as high stress, restrictive eaters.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Although moderate weight loss has shown to improve health in overweight/obese individuals [5], weight loss may also be accompanied by some negative effects. Accordingly, it can contribute to the development of unfavourable eating behaviour traits, such as higher rigid control over eating [6], an increase in hunger sensations [7], depressive symptoms [6], psychological and biological stress [8], and preoccupations about food and eating and may even trigger repeated cycles of weight loss and regain [9][10][11][12]. Most concerning is that restriction and dieting have been associated with weight gain [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of individuals who report present and past weight loss behaviours: results from a Canadian university community

et al. 2013

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Purpose To characterise individuals who reported present and past weight loss behaviours on psycho-behavioural factors known to influence body weight, e.g. overeating, dietary restriction. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed to a university community. Questions pertaining to present weight loss, previous weight loss, eating behaviour tendencies, perceived stress and sleep quality were answered by 3,069 individuals. Body weight and height were selfreported. Results Present and past weight loss behaviours were prevalent in the sample, with 33.3 % of the participants who reported trying to lose weight, 33.1 % who reported having previously lost weight ([10 lbs), and 18.8 % who reported repeated weight loss behaviour (i.e. present and past weight loss behaviours). Trying to lose weight and previous weight loss were both independently associated with increased risk for psycho-behavioural characteristics known to be associated with obesity, e.g. overeating tendencies, perceived stress, short sleep duration. This risk was particularly elevated among the underweight/normalweight individuals who reported repeated weight loss behaviours. Indeed, adjusted odds ratios for reporting restrictive and overeating tendencies, perceived stress and short sleep for these individuals were significantly higher compared to their underweight/normal-weight peers who did not report repeated weight loss behaviours (adjusted odds ratios 4.7, 2.7, 1.8, and 1.8, respectively, p \ 0.01 to \0.0001). Conclusions Normal-weight individuals reporting weight loss behaviours are characterised by a psycho-behaviour profile which may further increase their risk of weight gain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of individuals who report present and past weight loss behaviours: results from a Canadian university community

et al. 2013

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“…Acutely, exerting self-control triggers the release of stress hormones (24,25) and erodes the ability to resist tempting stimuli, like high-fat food (37). These effects subside when people can suspend willpower and indulge in restorative activities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research shows that for low-SES youth, particularly those of African American descent, achieving normatively favorable outcomes poses intense self-regulatory demands (20)(21)(22). Because such demands result in sustained activation of stress hormone systems (18,19,(23)(24)(25), we reasoned they would prematurely age bodily tissue through a process known as weathering (26). Here, we test this hypothesis in a new sample of rural African American youth, who were followed across the transition from adolescence to adulthood.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-control forecasts better psychosocial outcomes but faster epigenetic aging in low-SES youth

Miller

Chen

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

216

148

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There are persistent socioeconomic disparities in many aspects of child development in America. Relative to their affluent peers, children of low socioeconomic status (SES) complete fewer years of education, have a higher prevalence of health problems, and are convicted of more criminal offenses. Based on research indicating that low self-control underlies some of these disparities, policymakers have begun incorporating character-skills training into school curricula and social services. However, emerging data suggest that for low-SES youth, self-control may act as a "double-edged sword," facilitating academic success and psychosocial adjustment, while at the same time undermining physical health. Here, we examine this hypothesis in a five-wave study of 292 African American teenagers from rural Georgia. From ages 17 to 20 y, we assessed SES and self-control annually, along with depressive symptoms, substance use, aggressive behavior, and internalizing problems. At age 22 y, we obtained DNA methylation profiles of subjects' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data were used to measure epigenetic aging, a methylationderived biomarker reflecting the disparity between biological and chronological aging. Among high-SES youth, better mid-adolescent self-control presaged favorable psychological and methylation outcomes. However, among low-SES youth, self-control had divergent associations with these outcomes. Self-control forecasted lower rates of depressive symptoms, substance use, aggressive behavior, and internalizing problems but faster epigenetic aging. These patterns suggest that for low-SES youth, resilience is a "skin-deep" phenomenon, wherein outward indicators of success can mask emerging problems with health. These findings have conceptual implications for models of resilience, and practical implications for interventions aimed at ameliorating social and racial disparities.health disparities | resilience | stress | poverty | aging

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“…10,11 Severe carbohydrate restriction induces postprandial hyperglycemia and IR at skeletal muscle to shift fuel to the brain. 41 As to the mechanisms, increased FFA availability through increased lipolysis (Table 2 and 3), together with endocrine alterations (e.g., elevated growth hormone levels) and stress-response 42 add to impair IS. We could, however, not confirm CR-induced stress in our subjects, as examined by heart-rate monitoring (data not shown) and REE (results).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of brief perturbations in energy balance on indices of glucose homeostasis in healthy lean men

et al. 2011

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BACKGROUND:Little is known about the effects of short-term caloric restriction (CR) and overfeeding (OF) on glucose homeostasis in healthy lean individuals. In addition, it remains unclear whether the effects of CR and OF are reversed by a complementary feeding period. METHODS: Ten healthy men participated in two cycles of controlled 7-day periods of CR and refeeding (RF; protocol A), and OF and CR (protocol B) at ±60% energy requirement. At baseline, insulin sensitivity (IS) was assessed by euglycemic clamp (M). Before and during each feeding cycle, fasting and oral glucose tolerance test-derived indices were used to estimate glucose tolerance, IS and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. RESULTS: Clamp tests revealed normal IS at baseline (M-values 9.4 ± 2.1 mg kg À1 min À1 , coefficient of variation (CV) inter 22%). M-values were significantly correlated with indices of IS. In protocol A, CR-induced weight loss (À3.0±0.4 kg) was associated with an increase in fasting IS. Postprandial IS and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion remained unchanged, but glucose tolerance decreased. RF decreased fasting and postprandial IS at increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In protocol B, OF significantly increased the body weight ( þ 1.6±0.9 kg). Concomitantly, fasting and postprandial IS decreased at increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Subsequent CR reversed these effects. Inter-individual variability in indices of glucose metabolism was high with coefficients of variation ranging from 9 to 59%. CONCLUSION: Significant changes in glucose metabolism are evident within 7-day periods of controlled OF and underfeeding. Although IS was impaired at the end of the CR --RF cycle, IS was normalized after the OF --CR cycle. At different feeding regimens, homeostatic responses of glucose metabolism were highly variable. Keywords: insulin secretion; insulin sensitivity; glucose homeostasis; weight gain; energy balance INTRODUCTION Long-term perturbations in energy balance, either by overfeeding (OF) or underfeeding, are known to modulate insulin sensitivity (IS). Chronic OF and obesity are commonly characterized by insulin resistance, 1 which has been shown to be completely 2 or partially reversed by acute caloric restriction (CR), as well as by moderate weight loss. 3 --5 On the other hand, IS is preserved or even improved with chronic CR in patients with anorexia nervosa and returned to normal values at the end of refeeding (RF). 6 Although considerable research has been devoted to individuals outside the normal range of body weight, there are only few studies examining the effects of short-term controlled perturbations in energy balance on IS in lean subjects without confounding metabolic abnormalities. 7 --17 Moreover, these studies provide discordant findings that may depend on duration and degree of energy imbalance and macronutrient composition of the diets. Fasting (1 --3 days) consistently caused a decline in IS assessed by clamp-and intravenous glucose tolerance test. 7,8,17 Studies with less severe ...

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Low Calorie Dieting Increases Cortisol

Cited by 161 publications

References 39 publications

Characteristics of individuals who report present and past weight loss behaviours: results from a Canadian university community

Characteristics of individuals who report present and past weight loss behaviours: results from a Canadian university community

Self-control forecasts better psychosocial outcomes but faster epigenetic aging in low-SES youth

Effects of brief perturbations in energy balance on indices of glucose homeostasis in healthy lean men

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