Low concentrations of metal mixture exposures have adverse effects on selected biomarkers of Xenopus laevis tadpoles

An integrated approach to assess the sublethal effects of colloidal gold nanorods in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis

“…Furthermore, exposure to concentrations above 7 µg.L -1 of AuNR induced the activity of GST in tadpoles, indicating the activation of detoxification mechanisms, since this enzyme acts in the metabolism and subsequent detoxification of many xenobiotics (Yologlu and Ozmen, 2015), protecting the cells against their toxicity (Güngördü et al, 2013). These results are in line with previous studies reporting an increase on Regarding the increased activity of AChE, at the two highest concentrations of AuNR, rather than being associated with an impairment of the normal function of the nervous system (where a decrease on its activity would be expected), most probably relates with processes of apoptosis and necrosis.…”

Sensitivity of Amphibians to Copper

“…and Baud, 2004) and rate of malformations (e.g., Haywood et al, 2004). Gene transcription changes (e.g., Yologlu and Ozmen, 2015), swim performance (e.g., Chen et al, 2007), and behavioural endpoints (e.g., Reeves et al, 2011) were also investigated.…”

“…The most investigated sublethal endpoint was growth (Calfee and Little 2017), followed by time to metamorphic completion (Parris and Baud 2004) and rate of malformations (Haywood et al 2004). Gene transcription changes (Yologlu and Ozmen 2015), swim performance (Chen et al 2007), and behavioral endpoints (Reeves et al 2011) were also investigated.…”

Adverse effects and bioconcentration of chromium in two freshwater rotifer species

“…The use of rotifers in toxicity tests is very common due to the fact that they are primary consumers in ecosystems, its small size (0.5 mm a 2.0 mm), high sensitivity to many contaminants, and the ease and low costs of culture and short period of life (APHA, 1998). There is little information on metallothionein expression in rotifers, in spite of their widespread distribution in aquatic animals (Roesijadi, 1992). Metallothionein can be induced by the essential metals Cu and Zn and the non-essential metals Cd, Ag and Hg in both vertebrates and invertebrates, but their induction is variable (Amiard et al, 2006).…”