Low Cost and Flexible Sensor System for Non-Invasive Glucose In-Situ Measurement

Recent advancements in noninvasive glucose monitoring and closed-loop management systems for diabetes

“…80 The mechanism of MHC is that glucose levels can be reflected through physiological indicators generated by basal metabolism. 81 Electrical technologies are based on the changes in the dielectric properties of glucose caused by different electrical signals, mainly including reverse iontophoresis (RI), [82][83][84][85][86] microwave, 48,[87][88][89][90][91][92][93] impedance spectroscopy, [94][95][96][97][98][99] electromagnetic sensing, [100][101][102][103] etc.…”

“…96,97 Generally, the noninvasive glucose monitoring system based on skin impedance is mainly composed of sensors, measuring circuits and algorithms. 98,99 The system is simpler than other noninvasive monitoring technologies, with higher reliability and lower cost for long-term continuous monitoring. But, for practical applications, the sensor on the skin surface is easily affected by normal physiological activities or the external environment.…”

“…Electrical technologies are based on the changes in the dielectric properties of glucose caused by different electrical signals, mainly including reverse iontophoresis (RI), 82–86 microwave, 48,87–93 impedance spectroscopy, 94–99 electromagnetic sensing, 100–103 etc.…”

Invisible Touch Sensors-Based Smart and Disposable Door Locking System for Security Applications

“…Alternate substrate materials, especially cellulose-based printing paper, is getting attention due to their biodegradability, flexibility and easy availability [18]. Paper substrate-based studies have been reported for a wide range of applications including gas sensors [19], HMIs [4], glucose sensors [20], humidity sensors [21], supercapacitors [22], transistors [23], touch sensors [11,24], and solar cells [25]. Along with the substrate, the development process of conductive inks involves solvents and chemical-based costly and hazardous procedures.…”

Customizable Graphite-On-Paper-Based Keypads: Toward Disposable and Recyclable Wireless Human–Machine Interfaces

“…Paper as a substrate allows easy manipulations towards chemical changes, physical impact, and complex 3D formations [13][14][15]. Other flexible substrates like polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and polyimide (PI) are of great importance because of their flexibility, but the drawback of using these materials is the environmental pollution due to their low degradation [16][17][18][19]. Moreover, the fabrication processes required for these flexible substrates are complex, costly, and not eco-friendly.…”