Abstract. We explore the existence of homomorphisms between outer automorphism groups of free groups Out(F n ) β Out(F m ). We prove that if n > 8 is even and n = m β€ 2n, or n is odd and n = m β€ 2n β 2, then all such homomorphisms have finite image; in fact they factor through det : Out(F n ) β Z/2. In contrast, if m = r n (n β 1) + 1 with r coprime to (n β 1), then there exists an embedding Out(F n ) Φβ Out(F m ). In order to prove this last statement, we determine when the action of Out(F n ) by homotopy equivalences on a graph of genus n can be lifted to an action on a normal covering with abelian Galois group.