“…metal chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and acetates. For 2D-in-3D hierarchical architectures, the metal oxide may grow in the desired structure spontaneously [33][34][35][36][37] or structure-directing agents such as cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide [38][39][40][41], glycerol [39,42], hexamethylenetetramine [23,[43][44][45], polyvinylpyrrolidone [2,40,46,47], urea [25,40,48,49], sodiumdodecylsulfate [50][51][52] or polyethyleneglycol [52][53][54][55] can be added. Also, seed layers may be employed to initiate growth [23,24,43,44,56] and occasionally microwave-assisted procedures are used [57,58].…”