“…The plasmonic properties of nanoscale systems and their sensing performance are jointly determined by physicochemical factors such as dielectric properties and the material composition as much as geometric factors. For this reason, the shape, size, period, and symmetry of the engineered plasmonic nanostructure are designed to obtain enhanced field distribution at the desired wavelength or even the effective sensing volume available for a particular analyte. − Over the years, our team had also empirically observed that some patterns of specific pitches provide superior performance for a particular analyte, and so we have developed LSPR- and SERS-based sensors of molecules, biomacromolecules, and viruses, e.g., Thiram pesticide on Thue-Morse arranged triangular nanopillars, bovine serum albumin and imidacloprid insecticide on iso-Y-shaped nanopillars, , rotavirus on Achiral Octupolar arranged triangular nanopillars, and hepatitis A on pyramidal nanoholes . In this study, we explore the functionality and limitations of AAL on a 2D plasmonic photonic crystal–glass/ITO substrate with gold triangular pillars arranged in Achiral Octupolar pattern with a pitch of 25, 50, 100, and 263 nm (AchOct 25/50/100/263).…”