<p>Combined Effect Of Coffee Consumption And Cigarette Smoking On Serum Levels Of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, And Lipid Profile In Young Male: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the associations of coffee consumption and/or smoking on certain clinical outcomes including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), vitamin B12, and folic acid in a population of young healthy men. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Amman, Jordan, over 4 months. Participants were approached for study participation and asked to fill a questionnaire about their anthropometric information, habitual smoking, and coffee consumption during the last 3 months. Their fasting blood samples were taken to measure TC and LDL-C. Results: Healthy male participants (n=117) in the age range of 18 to 26 years were recruited. Mean serum TC was higher in heavy coffee consumers (C++) group (≥3 cups/day) with or without smoking (M= 179.9±34.59 mg/dL and 195.94±23.69 mg/dL) in comparison with moderate coffee consumers (C+) group (1-2 cups/day) (M= 158.1±24.82 mg/dL and 177.23 ±34.17 mg/dL), and the mean level was higher in subjects who were coffee consumers only than smokers who were coffee consumers. LDL-C levels were higher in participants who were coffee consumers (M= 103.06±34.82mg/dL and 118.06±19.31 mg/dL) than smokers who were coffee consumers (M= 88.6±22.40 mg/dL and 108.26±37.57 mg/dL). No significant difference was noted regarding HDL-C, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Conclusion: Our findings showed that heavy coffee consumption was more associated with hyperlipidemia than cigarette smoking. Accordingly, we conclude that moderate coffee consumption may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases or their consequences in male.

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Combined Effect of Body Weight and Coffee Consumption on Serum Levels of Leptin, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid in Healthy Young Adult Males

“… 59 In contrast, a recent observational study performed on young males to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking and coffee consumption on vitamin B12, folic acid, and lipid profile showed a non-significant increase in vitamin B 12 and folic acid in heavy coffee consumers compared to moderate consumers regardless of their smoking behavior. 45 However, in our study, the no change in vitamin B12 and folic acid with coffee consumption could be due to the presence of hepatic stores of folate and vitamin B12 33 , 35 that keep replenishing 61 the blood if a reduction happens to them with coffee consumption.…”

“…All participants were informed about study purposes, requirements, benefits and risks, and freedom to quit from the study at any time and then signed written consent forms. Then, participants with a help from research assistants filled a validated comprehensive questionnaire regarding lifestyle habits including coffee consumption 45 , 47 during the last 3 months, medical history, and anthropometric measurements. Participants were considered to have normal weight (NW) if BMI is between 18.5 and 24.9 and overweight (OW) if the BMI is between 25 and 29.9 kg/m 2 .…”

“…42 Recently, a study conducted on young males observed, regardless of smoking behavior, that CCR was positively associated with vitamin B12 and folic acid levels. 45 On the other hand, studies on the effect of CCR on leptin, as a main obesity marker, are scarce and controversial. 11 , 14 , 32 , 46 Furthermore, a potential synergistic association between CCR and vitamin B12 levels on obesity markers, particularly leptin, is not clear in overweight and obese young men.…”

The association of coffee consumption rate with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, non-HDL levels, and TC/HDL ratio in females with vitamin D deficiency

“…Coffee consumption on a regular basis has been shown to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, liver disease, some cancers, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. 1 , 2 The benefits and risks of coffee consumption in connection to cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been reviewed. 3 Nevertheless, concerning the rate of coffee consumption, the relationship with hyperlipidemia has not yet been resolved.…”

“…Each participant was contacted by telephone and asked to complete a questionnaire that included questions about her anthropometric and clinical features as well as her coffee consumption in the 3 months before study admission, as described in the previous related study. 2 …”