<p>Promoting Community Pharmacy Practice for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Management: A Systematic Review and Logic Model</p>

Abstract

This study aimed 1) to identify and analyse the professional services provided by community pharmacists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management; and 2) to develop a logic model for community pharmacy practice for COPD management. Methods: A systematic review with a logic model was applied. English-language databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus) and a Chinese database (CNKI) were searched for articles published between January 2009 and June 2019. Studies concerning pharmacists and COPD were identified to screen for studies that focused on professional services provided at a community pharmacy level. Evidence on economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes of interventions was summarized. Results: Twenty-five articles were included in this study. Four categories of COPD-related interventions by community pharmacists were identified: 1) primary prevention; 2) early detection; 3) therapy management; and 4) long-term health management. The most common outputs examined were improvement in inhaler technique, medication adherence, and rate of smoking cessation. The clinical (improved quality of life, reduced frequency and severity of symptoms and exacerbation), humanistic (patient satisfaction), and economic (overall healthcare costs) outcomes were tested for some interventions through clinical studies. Contextual factors concerning pharmacists, healthcare providers, patients, facilities, clinic context, and socioeconomic aspects were also identified. Conclusion: Studies in the literature have proposed and examined different components of professional services provided by community pharmacists for COPD management. However, relationships among outcomes, comprehensive professional services of community pharmacists, and contextual factors have not been systematically tested. More well-designed, rigorous studies with more sensitive and specific outcomes measures need to be conducted to assess the effect of community pharmacy practice for COPD management.

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: Treatment Guidelines and Recommendations for Referral and Multidisciplinary Continuity of Care

“…The community pharmacy is easily accessible and perceived to be affordable by the public, making it often the first point of contact in the healthcare system [44,45]. The role of the pharmacist has evolved beyond mere medication adjustments and now encompasses a diverse range of patient-centred health management tasks [45].…”

Factors Associated with Patient Trust in the Pharmacy Team: Findings from a Mixed Method Study Involving Patients with Asthma & COPD

“…[15][16][17][18] Former studies showed that community pharmacies are well-equipped to deliver educational services to patients with asthma, 19 and to patients with COPD. 20 For the pharmacy team to optimally provide these services, trust is paramount. Also because high trust is associated with improving patients' medication adherence.…”

Effectiveness of Hospital Pharmacist Interventions for COPD Patients: A Systematic Literature Review and Logic Model

“…20 Despite the emerging evidence for the benefits of improved patient outcomes associated with hospital pharmacist intervention, much of the current literature designates a prime focus on the role of pharmacist at the community level for COPD management. 21,22 Indeed, within the scope of COPD, the disease is deemed preventable should risk factors such as tobacco smoking and air pollution can be avoided, while under-diagnosis and mis-diagnosis are often common, which are areas best addressed at the community setting. 23 Nevertheless, COPD patients also receive care in the hospitals during specialist consultation, ICU admission and hospitalization.…”