<title>High-efficiency microscale power using a fuel processor and fuel cell</title>

Solid oxide fuel cell hybrid system: A detailed review of an environmentally clean and efficient source of energy

“…in addition, from the SOFC design point of view, different options are under discussion, such as the reforming method for generating hydrogen from conventional fuel (natural gas) to feed the SOFC of the HS. Fuel cell and hybrid system performance depends greatly on the reforming method used [30][31][32][33].…”

“…Reaction 2 shows the water-gas shift mechanism that occurs during the steam reforming process to yield additional hydrogen. More details about the reforming processes are presented in [31,33], including internal-reforming SOFC stacks, a technology that the HS critically relies on.…”

“…More details about the model can be subsequently determined after finalizing such criteria. As with modelling of other thermal systems encountered in the literature, the first step in the modelling of an SOFC HS is to understand the system and translate it into mathematical equations and statements [33]. The common steps for model development are summarised as follows:…”

“…Although the modelling of a fuel cell is a three dimensional (3-D) and time-dependent problem, using appropriate assumptions, it can be reduced in complexity to a steady-state, 2-D, 1-D, or 0-D problem for specific applications and objectives [33]. As discussed earlier, most SOFC HS simulations in the open literature are 0-D models.…”

“…As discussed earlier, most SOFC HS simulations in the open literature are 0-D models. In this type of modelling, a series of mathematical formulations are utilized to define output variables based on input values [33]. In this technique, the fuel cell is processed as a dimensionless box, hence the term employed by some authors as box modelling [33].…”