“…Recently, luminescent GQDs, one type of zero dimensional graphene sheets with lateral size less than 100 nm, have attracted researchers because of their robust biological and chemical inertness, tunable luminescence emission, low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, and resistance to photobleaching [26,27]. Meanwhile, both theoretical study and experimental results have proved that heteroatom doped GQDs can offer more active sites and effectively modulate their intrinsic physicochemical properties including electronic characteristics, surface and local chemical features, resulting in many new performances and applications [28,29].…”