Lumpy skin disease as an emerging infectious disease

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the most important emerging transboundary diseases. Recently, LSD has emerged in many countries in the northern hemisphere. The LSD virus has a huge genome and is highly resistant to environmental conditions. The virus is also host-specific and large ruminants, such as cattle and domestic water buffalo, are particularly susceptible. In addition, wild ruminants can serve as potential reservoirs for spreading the LSD virus. The emergence might be related to climate change in various regions because LSD is an arthropod-borne infectious disease. This disease causes enormous economic losses, such as leather damage, decreased milk production, abortion, and death in infected ruminants. The economic importance of LSD in the bovine industry has forced countries to develop and implement control strategies against the disease. With the recent global spread and the economic impact, LSD will be discussed intensively. In addition, effective preventive measures are suggested based on the presence or absence of LSD outbreaks.

Viral Diseases in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): New Insights and Perspectives

“…The Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus. It is closely related to goat and sheep pox viruses in the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily of the Poxviridae family [ 97 , 98 ]. The disease is known by various names such as “LSD”, “Pseudourticaria”, “Neethling virus disease”, “exanthema nodularis bovis”, and “knopvelsiekte”.…”

“…LSD was also found in Southeast Asia, in Vietnam and Myanmar. In 2021, it further spread to new countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Laos, [ 98 , 101 ]. According to the OIE and WOAH report, at present, the disease is endemic in most African, European, and Asian countries [ 99 ].…”

“…LSD generates tremendous economic losses, such as leather damage, diminished milk production, abortion, and death in infected ruminants [ 98 ]. LSD is characterized by fever; mastitis; orchitis; swelling of the peripheral lymph nodes; multiple, firm, characteristic circumscribed nodular lesions or skin lumps over the whole body; and necrotic plaques in the mucous membranes [ 97 ], and is occasionally associated with systemic signs.…”

Duration of Immunity in Cattle to Lumpy Skin Disease Utilizing a Sheep Pox Vaccine

“…Due to an increase in the epizootic situation of LSD in cattle spanning between Africa, Southeast Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Russia, measures (e.g., increased diagnostic testing, vaccination) are being taken to prevent the further spread of this economically important disease [16][17][18].…”

Analysis of Acute Phase Response Using Acute Phase Proteins Following Simultaneous Vaccination of Lumpy Skin Disease and Foot-and-Mouth Disease

“…Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a vector-borne viral disease caused by infection with lumpy skin disease virus, belonging to the poxviridae family [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. LSD originated in Africa in 1929 and is transmitted through vectors, especially arthropods such as ticks, flies, and mosquitoes [9][10][11][12][13]17,18]. The disease has spread from southern Africa to northern Africa over several decades.…”