Lymph-Node-Based CD3 ⁺ CD20 ⁺ Cells Emerge from Membrane Exchange between T Follicular Helper Cells and B Cells and Increase Their Frequency following Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Abstract

The HIV reservoir is largely composed of latently infected memory CD4 + T cells that persist during antiretroviral therapy and constitute a major barrier toward HIV eradication. In particular, CD4 + T follicular helper cells have been demonstrated as key targets for viral replication and persistence under ART.

Bovine neutrophils kill the sexually-transmitted parasite Tritrichomonas foetus using trogocytosis

“…As opposed to phagocytosis, in which PMNs engulf targets whole, trogocytic killing involves PMNs acquiring small fragments of target cells, eventually leading to the target cell’s death (Matlung et al 2018 ; Mercer et al 2018 ). Trogocytosed material from target cells has been found to localize both to the cell surface (Ochs et al 2023 ; Samer et al 2023 ; Schriek and Villadangos 2023 ) as well as inside the trogocytosing cells (Bettadapur et al 2020 ; Uribe-Querol and Rosales 2021 ). To test whether bovine PMNs kill T. foetus using trogocytosis, we therefore performed our in vitro cytotoxicity assay as described above (Fig.…”

“…While some forms of trogocytosis involve swapping of membrane proteins between target and recipient cells (i.e. cellular gnawing) (Ochs et al 2023 ; Samer et al 2023 ; Schriek and Villadangos 2023 ), other forms of trogocytosis involve engulfment of trogocytosed material by the recipient cell (i.e. nibbling) (Bettadapur et al 2020 ; Gilmartin et al 2017 ; Ralston et al 2014 ; Steele et al 2016 ).…”