Abstract:Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are elongated, hollow cylindrical nanotubes made of sp2 carbon. MWCNTs have attracted significant attention in the area of drug delivery due to their high drug-loading capacity and large surface area. Furthermore, they can be linked to bioactive ligands molecules via covalent and noncovalent bonds that allow for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin. The majority of methodologies reported for the functionalization of MWCNTs for drug delivery are qui… Show more
“…4 confirms the successful synthesis of 1,3-lysine functionalized MWCNTs. The multiple peaks between 1.15 and 2.64 ppm correspond to the methylene protons of lysine, while the peak at 3.51 ppm corresponds to the lysine “NH” proton, indicating that lysine has been effectively conjugated in MWCNTs [ 32 , 45 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This may be due to the presence of ε-amino groups that have been protonated. This is advantageous because the presence of a positive charge in nanotubes increases their stability and inhibits aggregation [ 34 , 45 ].…”
Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) are inert structures with high aspect ratios that are widely used as vehicles for targeted drug delivery in cancer and many other diseases. They are largely non-toxic in nature however, when cells are exposed to these nanotubes for prolonged durations or at high concentrations, they show certain adverse effects. These include cytotoxicity, inflammation, generation of oxidative stress, and genotoxicity among others. To combat such adverse effects, various moieties can be attached to the surface of these nanotubes. Curcumin is a known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective compound derived from a medicinal plant called Curcuma longa. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized Curcumin coated-lysine functionalized MWCNTs and further evaluated the cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effect of Curcumin coating on the surface of MWCNTs. The results show a significant decrease in the level of inflammatory molecules like IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα and NFκB in cells exposed to Curcumin-coated MWCNTs as compared to the uncoated ones at both transcript and protein levels. Further, compared to the uncoated samples, there is a reduction in ROS production and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme-Catalase in the cells treated with Curcumin-coated MWCNTs. Curcumin coating also helped in recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential in the cells exposed to MWCNTs. Lastly, cells exposed to Curcumin-coated MWCNTs showed reduced cell death as compared to the ones exposed to uncoated MWCNTs. Our findings suggest that coating of Curcumin on the surface of MWCNTs reduces its ability to cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death.
Graphical Abstract
(a) Synthesis of Curcumin-coated-Lysine-functionalized MWCNTs. (b) Flow of research depicting experimental groups and studies performed along with the underlying techniques used.
“…4 confirms the successful synthesis of 1,3-lysine functionalized MWCNTs. The multiple peaks between 1.15 and 2.64 ppm correspond to the methylene protons of lysine, while the peak at 3.51 ppm corresponds to the lysine “NH” proton, indicating that lysine has been effectively conjugated in MWCNTs [ 32 , 45 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This may be due to the presence of ε-amino groups that have been protonated. This is advantageous because the presence of a positive charge in nanotubes increases their stability and inhibits aggregation [ 34 , 45 ].…”
Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) are inert structures with high aspect ratios that are widely used as vehicles for targeted drug delivery in cancer and many other diseases. They are largely non-toxic in nature however, when cells are exposed to these nanotubes for prolonged durations or at high concentrations, they show certain adverse effects. These include cytotoxicity, inflammation, generation of oxidative stress, and genotoxicity among others. To combat such adverse effects, various moieties can be attached to the surface of these nanotubes. Curcumin is a known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective compound derived from a medicinal plant called Curcuma longa. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized Curcumin coated-lysine functionalized MWCNTs and further evaluated the cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effect of Curcumin coating on the surface of MWCNTs. The results show a significant decrease in the level of inflammatory molecules like IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα and NFκB in cells exposed to Curcumin-coated MWCNTs as compared to the uncoated ones at both transcript and protein levels. Further, compared to the uncoated samples, there is a reduction in ROS production and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme-Catalase in the cells treated with Curcumin-coated MWCNTs. Curcumin coating also helped in recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential in the cells exposed to MWCNTs. Lastly, cells exposed to Curcumin-coated MWCNTs showed reduced cell death as compared to the ones exposed to uncoated MWCNTs. Our findings suggest that coating of Curcumin on the surface of MWCNTs reduces its ability to cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death.
Graphical Abstract
(a) Synthesis of Curcumin-coated-Lysine-functionalized MWCNTs. (b) Flow of research depicting experimental groups and studies performed along with the underlying techniques used.
“…Owing to various characteristics such as reduced size, increased surface area, high drug loading capability, controlled and sustained release of the drugs and drug targeting have focused the considerable attention of researchers towards CNTs as a potential drug carrier to deliver anticancer drugs. Moreover, the presence of numerous sites at the surface of CNTs facilitates the delivery of more than one drug at a time [ 139 ].…”
Section: Nanocarrier-based Codelivery Of Chemotherapeutic Agent With ...mentioning
Anticancer drugs in monotherapy are ineffective to treat various kinds of cancer due to the heterogeneous nature of cancer. Moreover, available anticancer drugs possessed various hurdles, such as drug resistance, insensitivity of cancer cells to drugs, adverse effects and patient inconveniences. Hence, plant-based phytochemicals could be a better substitute for conventional chemotherapy for treatment of cancer due to various properties: lesser adverse effects, action via multiple pathways, economical, etc. Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that a combination of phytochemicals with conventional anticancer drugs is more efficacious than phytochemicals individually to treat cancer because plant-derived compounds have lower anticancer efficacy than conventional anticancer drugs. Moreover, phytochemicals suffer from poor aqueous solubility and reduced bioavailability, which must be resolved for efficacious treatment of cancer. Therefore, nanotechnology-based novel carriers are employed for codelivery of phytochemicals and conventional anticancer drugs for better treatment of cancer. These novel carriers include nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes that provide various benefits of improved solubility, reduced adverse effects, higher efficacy, reduced dose, improved dosing frequency, reduced drug resistance, improved bioavailability and higher patient compliance. This review summarizes various phytochemicals employed in treatment of cancer, combination therapy of phytochemicals with anticancer drugs and various nanotechnology-based carriers to deliver the combination therapy in treatment of cancer.
“…Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are characterized by elongated hollow cylindrical structures, which are highly sought after for drug delivery due to their large surface area and drug-loading capability. Their flexibility allows for precise and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs like DOX, enabling them to attach with bioactive ligands through covalent and noncovalent interactions . Researchers functionalized MWCNTs with carbohydrate ligands using lysine to improve drug delivery.…”
Section: Therapeutic Interventions Involving Nanocarriers
For Managem...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Their flexibility allows for precise and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs like DOX, enabling them to attach with bioactive ligands through covalent and noncovalent interactions. 103 Researchers functionalized MWCNTs with carbohydrate ligands using lysine to improve drug delivery. DOX-loaded functionalized MWCNTs showed superior drug loading compared to that of carboxylated and lysinated MWCNTs.…”
Section: Therapeutic Interventions Involving Nanocarriers
For Managem...mentioning
Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant neoplasm that begins
in the breast
tissue. After skin cancer, BC is the second most common type of cancer
in women. At the end of 2040, the number of newly diagnosed BC cases
is projected to increase by over 40%, reaching approximately 3 million
worldwide annually. The hormonal and chemotherapeutic approaches based
on conventional formulations have inappropriate therapeutic effects
and suboptimal pharmacokinetic responses with nonspecific targeting
actions. To overcome such issues, the use of nanomedicines, including
liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, hybrid nanoparticles, etc., has
gained wider attention in the treatment of BC. Smaller dimensional
nanomedicine (especially 50–200 nm) exhibited improved in vivo
effectiveness, such as better tissue penetration and more effective
tumor suppression through enhanced retention and permeation, as well
as active targeting of the drug. Additionally, nanotechnology, which
further extended and developed theranostic nanomedicine by incorporating
diagnostic and imaging agents in one platform, has been applied to
BC. Furthermore, hybrid and theranostic nanomedicine has also been
explored for gene delivery as anticancer therapeutics in BC. Moreover,
the nanocarriers’ size, shape, surface charge, chemical compositions,
and surface area play an important role in the nanocarriers’
stability, cellular absorption, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and
toxicity. Additionally, nanomedicine clinical translation for managing
BC remains a slow process. However, a few cases are being used clinically,
and their progress with the current challenges is addressed in this
Review. Therefore, this Review extensively discusses recent advancements
in nanomedicine and its clinical challenges in BC.
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