“…These technologies are used to transfer the data from the fog to the cloud layer for further processing [27,46], and this data transmission occurs over a long distance, from users' domains to where the cloud data centers are located. Thus, since the network saturation level is a constant concern [57,82,98,99], it is important to choose a communication medium with appropriate bandwidth for a large amount of data transportation between fog and cloud layers [98]. Considering this concern and the mobile network technologies available, such as Second Generation (2G), Third Generation (3G), Fourth Generation (4G), Fifth Generation (5G), General Packet Radio Service/Code Division Multiple Access (GPRS/CDMA), and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), improvements in connectivity levels and mobility of data and communications networks are important challenges related to networks to be overcome [50,53,82].…”