“…The IPTW method is capable of producing a consistent estimate of the effect of treatment (Austin, 2011; Guo & Fraser, 2014; Joffe et al, 2004). The IPTW approach has been widely applied to estimate the treatment effect of, for example, technology adoption (Manda et al, 2020; Yagi & Hayashi, 2021), livelihood‐improving activity (Kissoly et al, 2017), and farmer organisation participation (Shumeta & D'Haese, 2018).…”