Macroeconomic Variables the Indicators for the Economic Growth of Pakistan

Irshad, Muhammad

doi:10.35484/pssr.2022(6-ii)06

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Several researchers say the follower's behavior reflects the leader's behaviour. If the leadership behaves in a good manner with the follower automatically, that follower will start to behave in a good manner also (Irshad, 2022). There are several types of leadership which highly influence their follower behavior.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Context of Leadership Style: A Case of Public Sector Organizations in Balochistan

Khan¹

2023

JDSS

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Leadership always remains a debatable topic among researchers for decades. Leadership plays a vital role in the development of any organization. Employees of the organization are affected by several factors, but leadership is the most prominent among them. This study examines the impact of transformational and transactional leadership on follower citizenship behaviour in the public sector organization of Balochistan. Furthermore, this study also explores how this leadership behaviour is transformed into the followers. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from the 460 public sector employees across the Balochistan province. Data were analyzed via SmartPLS. Results show that both transformational and transactional leadership styles are effective in the context of public sector organizations in Balochistan. The result also says that this leadership style will first engage the followers and satisfy them with their job. When the first condition is achieved with time, this satisfaction and engagement will bring citizenship behaviour to the followers.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Context of Leadership Style: A Case of Public Sector Organizations in Balochistan

Khan¹

2023

JDSS

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“…So to address the said issue, they have introduced different information technologybased platforms to support these activities (Zarcone & Saverino, 2022). The platform includes LMS, Blackboard, google class, and module (Irshad, 2022). These platforms will provide a better space for the students and teachers to communicate appropriately about their academic activities (Pringle et al, 2022).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19 is A Catalyst for the Emergence of Information Technology in Education Institutes

2023

JDSS

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The education sector without information technology is like a man with no eyes. It plays a vital role in the development of the education sector. This study examines how the covid 19 has positively expanded information technology in the education sector, especially in higher education institutes, and the primary usage of information technology in the higher education institutes. A qualitative based on conceptual analysis was used to address the said issue based on the secondary data in the literature. This study found that due to the emergence of the covid 19, information technology usage in higher education institutes has increased rapidly. There are three main domains for higher education institutes to use information technology: teacher-to-student real-time interaction for the classes, teacher-tostudent transfer of educational materials, and students-to-administration contacts.

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“…In the event that an underlying limit is crossed, expansion will lessen Gross domestic product, and fast monetary development can prompt higher expansion. Irshad (2022) analyzed the effect of unfamiliar direct speculation, exchange worth and trade rates on Pakistan's Gross domestic product from 1972 to 2021. A relapse technique was utilized.…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Economics Is Nothing Without the Impact of Macroeconomic Determinants on Economy of Pakistan

Zaheer¹,

Abid²,

Abbas³

2022

pjsr

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This research aims to find the impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Economic Growth of Pakistan. The study helps to understand the implications of Personal Remittances, Inflation Deflator, Electric Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment, Imports, Mineral Resources, GDP Per Capita, Gross Capital Formation, Domestic Credit to Private Investment, Real Effective Exchange Rate, and Broad Money on the Gross Domestic Product of Pakistan. The 51 years of time series data is taken from 1971 to 2021 which is collected from the website of State Bank of Pakistan, International Financial Statistics and from World Development Bank Indicators for the years 2021-2022. The model is tested by using Ordinary least square. All the variables are significant. R2 is 0.98 which shows that selected independent variables are explaining the variation in dependent variable with the highest percentage. F-Statistics confirms the overall goodness of fit of the model. Stationarity level of the data is analyzed by Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. Durbin Watson is 2.0, which is an indication of no autocorrelation. Descriptive Statistics are calculated to see the probability of Jarque Berra. To check the Normality Histogram is drawn. Stability of the model, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, Normality and Structural Stability diagnostic tests have been applied on the data. LM Test, Ramsey Reset Test, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test, Correlation, Covariance Matrix, Correlogram, forecast model, CUSUM and CUSUM SQ and recursive stability graph has been tested to fulfill the conditions of time series analysis. Co-integration test has shown that there is long run association between variants.Another test to see the short run association between change ables show that there is neither one way nor two way causality among them..The findings are that macroeconomic variables Broad Money, Gross Capital Formation in $, Minerals and GDPPC$ have positive significant relationship with is significant relationship with GDP and their respective t-values are 3.6808, 10.99676, 3.55973, 3.0824338 and 2.7287. Imports, Foreign Direct Investment, Electric Consumption and Direct Credit on Private Investment have significant negative relationship with Economic Growth of Pakistan. Their respective t – values are -3.10085, -2.72875, -2.61744 and -6.15435. Personal Remittances, Exchange Rate and Inflation Deflator have insignificant relationship with GDP and their respective t-values 0.809843, 1.062302 and -0.10167.Government should ensure peaceful environment for foreigners to invest in Pakistan. The law-and-order situation, political unrest, high rate of unemployment, increase in prices, devaluation of currency and widening energy crisis needs to be handled from individual level to aggregate level. Keywords: Remittances, Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, Exchange Rate, ADF, ARD.

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Macroeconomic Variables the Indicators for the Economic Growth of Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Context of Leadership Style: A Case of Public Sector Organizations in Balochistan

Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Context of Leadership Style: A Case of Public Sector Organizations in Balochistan

Covid-19 is A Catalyst for the Emergence of Information Technology in Education Institutes

Economics Is Nothing Without the Impact of Macroeconomic Determinants on Economy of Pakistan

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