Macromolecular proton fraction mapping based on spin‐lock magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

Purpose In MRI, the macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) is a key parameter of magnetization transfer (MT). It represents the relative amount of immobile protons associated with semi‐solid macromolecules involved in MT with free water protons. We aim to quantify MPF based on spin‐lock MRI and explore its advantages over the existing MPF‐mapping methods. Methods In the proposed method, termed MPF quantification based on spin‐lock (MPF‐SL), off‐resonance spin‐lock is used to sensitively measure the MT effect. MPF‐SL is designed to measure a relaxation rate (Rmpfsl) that is specific to the MT effect by removing the R1ρ relaxation due to the mobile water and chemical exchange pools. A theory is derived to quantify MPF from the measured Rmpfsl. No prior knowledge of tissue relaxation parameters, including T1 or T2, is needed to quantify MPF using MPF‐SL. The proposed approach is validated with Bloch‐McConnell simulations, phantom, and in vivo liver studies at 3.0T. Results Both Bloch‐McConnell simulations and phantom experiments show that MPF‐SL is insensitive to variations of the mobile water pool and the chemical exchange pool. MPF‐SL is specific to the MT effect and can measure MPF reliably. In vivo liver studies show that MPF‐SL can be used to detect collagen deposition in patients with liver fibrosis. Conclusion A novel MPF imaging method based on spin‐lock MRI is proposed. The confounding factors are removed, and the measurement is specific to the MT effect. It holds promise for MPF‐sensitive diagnostic imaging in clinical settings.

Non-invasive tests of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

“…Liver iron concentration and FF were obtained from GRE imaging data using a freely available MRQuantif software (https://imagemed.univ-rennes1.fr/en/mrquantif/download.php). The accuracy of MPF to distinguish between F0 and F1-2 fibrosis was as high as 0.85 [100] …”

“…A novel macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping based on spin-lock (SL) magnetic resonance imaging (MPF-SL MRI) has been evaluated in different stages of liver fibrosis [100] . MPF-SL is designed to measure a relaxation rate that is specific to the magnetization transfer effect by removing the R1ρ relaxation due to the mobile water and chemical exchange pools [100] .…”

“…[ 100 ] MPF-SL is designed to measure a relaxation rate that is specific to the magnetization transfer effect by removing the R1ρ relaxation due to the mobile water and chemical exchange pools. [ 100 ] Liver MRI examination was performed with a regular 3.0T MRI scanner with two sequences in transverse plane: the MPF-SL protocol and a multi-slice two-dimensional GRE imaging protocol. Liver iron concentration and FF were obtained from GRE imaging data using a freely available MRQuantif software ( https://imagemed.univ-rennes1.fr/en/mrquantif/download.php ).…”

“…[99] A novel macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping based on spin-lock (SL) magnetic resonance imaging (MPF-SL MRI) has been evaluated in different stages of liver fibrosis. [100] MPF-SL is designed to measure a relaxation rate that is specific to the magnetization transfer effect by removing the R1r relaxation due to the mobile water and chemical exchange pools. [100] Liver MRI examination was performed with a regular 3.0T MRI scanner with two sequences in transverse plane: the MPF-SL protocol and a multi-slice two-dimensional GRE imaging protocol.…”

Inhomogeneous liver fibrosis distribution revealed by macromolecular proton fraction quantification based on spin-lock MRI

“…Liver fibrosis is characterized by deposition of collagen-rich fibrotic tissues in the extracellular region. Recently, a novel method termed Macromolecular Proton Fraction quantification based on Spin-Lock (MPF-SL) was developed to measure relative macromolecule content in the liver, which shows a potential for the assessment of liver fibrosis ( 5 , 6 ).…”