Macroscopic anatomy, radiography and computed tomography of normal paranasal sinuses of the adult one‐humped dromedary (Camelus dromedarius)

Abstract

In order to improve the current knowledge of the topography and the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses of the one‐humped dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), we applied both conventional and advanced imaging techniques, namely, radiography and computed tomography (CT). Twelve heads of healthy dromedaries were used; eight heads were dissected to obtain skulls for the fenestration of the sinuses, two heads underwent anatomical sections, and two heads were imaged respectively by radiography and CT. Sinus fenestration allowed observation of sinuses and their communications. In each dissected dromedary's head, the frontal sinus is a large compartment delimited by thick partitions. The sphenoid sinus is divided into small compartments by bony plates. The lacrimal sinus occupies a small cavity in the rostro‐medial lacrimal bone of the orbit. In all dissected heads, there was neither palatal sinus nor ventral conchal sinus. Five images obtained by CT were selected with an excellent correspondence with the anatomical sections. These images allowed a good differentiation between bones and sinus cavities. The visualisation of the sinus cavities and their anatomical limits has better quality using the CT compared to the radiography. Radiographic and CT images are therefore very useful for the interpretation of clinical imaging studies of the dromedary's paranasal sinuses.

CT and cross‐sectional anatomy of the paranasal sinuses in the Holstein cow

“…20,29 Such openings can be easily determined by performing CT scanning (Figure 4A-B/a). The right and left frontal sinuses were separated by an interfrontal septum in cattle, 2,4 buffaloes, 20,29 Alcelaphus species, 33 camels, 13,14 Egyptian sheep, 18 and Ossimi Sheep. 17 However, in cattle, small openings can be found on the caudal part of the septum.…”

“…The ventral conchal sinus was reported in horses, 3,8,9,12 cattle, 2,3,21,27 pigs, 2,3,21,27 and goats. 19,21,28 However, the ventral conchal sinus is absent in buffaloes, 20 camels, 13,14 and Egyptian sheep. 18 In this study, we found that the ventral conchal sinus occupied the caudal part of the ventral nasal concha in 11 animals, one of which was unilateral (left) (Figures 2C-D,3A-B,7,8/VCS, Table S).…”

“…2 With age, the sinus extends caudo-ventrally into the parietal, interparietal, occipital, and temporal bones in cattle, 3,22 bufaloes, 20,26,29 bison, 30 giraffe, and warthog. 31 The frontal sinus is limited to the frontal bone in camel, 13,14 springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), 30 Saanen goat, 19 and Ossimi sheep. 17 Awaad et al 18 reported that the frontal sinus extends into the lacrimal and parietal bones in Egyptian sheep.…”

“…The slices were cleaned gently by light brushing under tap water, and the section surface of each slice was photographed using a digital camera (Sony Alpha DSLR‐A330). These slices were placed in plastic boxes containing 10% formalin solution for further analysis 8,9,14 …”

“…Computed tomography has been performed to describe the cross‐sectional anatomy of the normal paranasal sinuses and heads of carnivores, 5,6 pigs, 7 equines, 8–12 camels 13–15 llamas, 16 small ruminants, 18,19 and buffaloes 20 . In cattle, there is very limited information about the anatomical structure of the normal paranasal sinuses only in anatomy texts 1 .…”