Macroscopic Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Characteristics of Solid Waste Base Capillary Retarded Field Covering Material

Abstract

In the practical operation of traditional landfills, compaction clay often experiences cracking, while the HDPE geomembrane may tear and bulge, resulting in a compromised performance of the landfill covering system. To address this issue, a capillary retarding covering material for landfill sites is proposed by utilizing municipal sludge and construction waste particles as substrates and incorporating a small quantity of calcium bentonite. The mechanical characteristics of the covering material were investigated using a standard consolidation test and a triaxial compression test. A permeability test and a soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) test were conducted to examine the permeability and capillary retarding effect of the covering material. Microscopic tests including SEM scanning, laser particle size analysis, and T2 NMR analysis were performed to investigate the connection mode, particle size composition, and pore structure characteristics of the covered particles. Based on the aforementioned research, the following conclusions can be drawn: The cohesion of the covering material ranged from 50 to 150 kPa, while the internal friction angle ranged from 24.23° to 31°. The cohesion was directly proportional to the content of construction waste, whereas the internal friction angle was inversely proportional to calcium bentonite content. The permeability coefficient ranged from 5.04 × 10−6 cm/s to 7.34 × 10−5 cm/s, indicating a certain level of impermeability. Both the sludge and the calcium bentonite contents jointly influenced the final permeability coefficient in a negative correlation manner, with a notable hydraulic hysteresis phenomenon observed. A higher content of construction waste leads to a more pronounced supporting force exerted by the formed skeleton structures within a load pressure range between 0 and 1600 kPa. When considering a mass ratio of municipal sludge: construction waste: calcium bentonite as 30:60:7, respectively, only a decrease in the pore ratio by approximately 13.20% was observed. This study provides valuable data support for designing and applying capillary retarding cover barrier systems in landfills.