“…Over the last several years, the conventional nanomaterials including carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Li & Leung, 1992;Sagar et al, 2012), carbon black (Goracci & Dolado, 2020), carbon nanofibers (CNFs) (Popov, 2004;Roychand et al, 2016), MECNT (Lojka et al, 2021), Graphene Oxide (GO) (De Jong & Geus, 2000;De Volder et al, 2013;Llobet, 2013), and, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (Geim & Novoselov, 2007;Wang et al, 2021;Zhou et al, 2016) have widely been used as fillers to improve the cement-based properties, including cracking, toughness, tensile strength, and thermal insulator. Less than 0.50 wt.% of the carbon nanomaterials were added to the cement-based materials to produce sustainable composites and to improve the mechanical properties and durability (Marcano et al, 2010;Zhu et al, 2010).…”