“…For instance, Li J. et al (2017) developed a magnetic nano-biosensor utilizing MNPs, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and magnetic separation for the rapid clinical diagnosis of cancer patients, particularly in detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs). MNPs also find applications in diverse biomedical fields, including targeted drug delivery ( Guo et al, 2022 ), bioimaging ( Zong et al, 2021 ), targeted hyperthermia for cancer treatment ( Zhao et al, 2019 ; Dash et al, 2022 ), as well as the capture, isolation, concentration, and detection of nucleic acids ( Zhao et al, 2023 ), bacteria ( Behzad et al, 2022 ), and viruses ( Labib et al, 2021 ; Xing et al, 2022 ), They have proven effective in immunoassays and immune sensors ( Ha and Kim, 2022 ; Li et al, 2023 ).…”