Magnetic Ordering in a System of Identical Particles with Arbitrary Spin

Orlenko, E. V.; Khersonsky, V. K.; Orlenko, F. E.

doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4421-5_7

Cited by 1 publication

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…When a strong shock wave propagates through air, the temperature behind the wave front increases sharply, which causes ionization of the air. This phenomenon is very obvious near the detonation center [27]. Therefore, combined with the wedge-shaped bright areas shown in figures 6(c)-(e), the plasma composition corresponding to the curve of the electron density calculation result shown in figure 9 theoretically includes both the charged particles of the detonation products and the charged particles generated by air-impact ionization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Figures 4(a) and 8 indicate that the explosively generated plasma experiences two obvious fluctuations in the measurement area of the system. These results also indicate that the electron-density fluctuation process is notably different from the continuous-diffusion process of the detonation products [26,27]. In theory, if the explosively generated plasma was composed entirely of charged particles from the detonation products, then according to the diffusion of these detonation products, the measured results would not show two distinct fluctuations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The images taken by the high-speed framing camera shown in figure 6 have obvious wedge-shaped bright areas, which are caused by the impact of the shock wave with the ionized air [26,27,29]. When a strong shock wave propagates through air, the temperature behind the wave front increases sharply, which causes ionization of the air.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the RDX detonation reaction equation C 3 H 6 O 6 N 6 →3H 2 O+3CO+3N 2 , the main components of the RDX detonation product gas are H 2 O, CO, and N 2 [26,27]. Using the collision frequency of electrons and neutral molecules of the detonation products as input parameters, the collision radius of the RDX detonation product gas is 1.91×10 −10 m [25,28].…”

Section: Calculation Of the Time-varying Electron Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The start time of the total scattering voltage curve is 34.25 μs. The delay time can then be calculated as 2.59-6.75 μs, which is greater than the detonation reaction time (about 1 μs) [1,26,27] of the small-size cylindrical RDX explosive used in the experiments. In the five repeated experiments, the mean value of the delay time is 2.77-6.93 μs, and the random error is in the range of 10.6%-12.3%.…”

Section: Calculation Of the Time-varying Electron Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of time-varying electron density of the plasma generated from a small-size cylindrical RDX explosion by Rayleigh microwave scattering

Hong

Pan

et al. 2021

Plasma Sci. Technol.

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It is challenging to measure the electron density of the unsteady plasma formed by charged particles generated from explosions in the air, because it is transient and on a microsecond time scale. In this study, the time-varying electron density of the plasma generated from a small cylindrical cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) explosion in air was measured, based on the principle of microwave Rayleigh scattering. It was found that the evolution of the electron density is related to the diffusion of the detonation products. The application of the Rayleigh microwave scattering principle is an attempt to estimate the electron density in explosively generated plasma. Using the equivalent radius and length of the detonation products in the bright areas of images taken by a high-speed framing camera, the electron density was determined to be of the order of 1020 m−3. The delay time between the initiation time and the start of variation in the electron-density curve was 2.77–6.93 μs. In the time-varying Rayleigh microwave scattering signal curve of the explosively generated plasma, the electron density had two fluctuation processes. The durations of the first stage and the second stage were 11.32 μs and 19.20 μs, respectively. Both fluctuation processes increased rapidly to a peak value and then rapidly attenuated with time. This revealed the movement characteristics of the charged particles during the explosion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%