MAGNETISM AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THE HIGH-T_c SUPERCONDUCTOR YBa₂Cu₃O_9−x

From Micro to Nanoscale: A Critical Review on the Concept, Production, Characterization, and Application of Starch Nanostructure

“…However, other unconventional starch sources have been studied recently. [14][15][16]28,36] Some reports are presented in Tables 1 and 2.…”

“…In addition, the long period of hydrolysis influences on the large-scale industrial application. However, in search of more efficient methods, some studies use preprocessing, such as milling [40] and/or a combination of different methods such as enzymatic hydrolysis carried out prior to acid hydrolysis [15] (Table 1).…”

“…area, since Dai et al [40] (Table 1) combined physical process with acid hydrolysis, but maintaining the same reaction time of 5 days, even using a damaged starch. [10,12,28,36,40] Lin et al [15] presented only enzymatic methods and Zhou et al [11] the use of organic acids to obtain nanoparticles. However, the results (Table 2) showed that further studies will be necessary because the particles were irregular in size.…”

“…[6] The main types of starch nanostructures are starch nanocrystals (SNC) [7][8][9][10][11] and starch nanoparticles (SNP). [12][13][14][15][16] Le Corre and Bras [17] and Le Corre and Angellier-Coussy [18] described starch nanocrystals as a crystalline portion of starch granules, while starch nanoparticles can also include amorphous regions. Kim et al [19] stated that both terms can be used to refer the remaining crystalline part after acidic, enzymatic hydrolysis or other mechanical methods applied to decrease starch size.…”

“…These parameters have been used (Table 1) in several studies on the production of starch nanocrystals from different botanical sources. [8,9,[14][15][16]28,29] Industrial interest in the production and application of starch nanocrystals can be associated to the increased number of scientific papers in 2019 (Tables 1-3) and by patents from 2015 onwards. We can mention the following patents:…”