Magnetization in MSMA: 2D modeling and experimental characterization

LaMaster, Douglas H.; Feigenbaum, Heidi P.; Nelson, Isaac; Ciocanel, Constantin

doi:10.1117/12.2009766

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Modeling the magneto-mechanical responses of MSMAs has been undertaken by Hirsinger and Lexcellent (2003), Kiefer and Lagoudas (2005;2006;, Ma and Li (2007), Li and Ma (2008), , Morrison et al (2008), Sarawate and Dapino (2007;, Stefanelli and Bessoud (2011), Chernenko et al (2004), Kiang and Tong (2007), Auricchio et al (2011), Zu andDui (2007), Zhu and Yu (2013), Chen et al (2014), andLaMaster et al (2013c;2013a;2013b;, among others. The vast majority of these works are purely two-dimensional (2D), and many are restricted to load states where the field and stress are perpendicular.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A full 3D thermodynamic-based model for magnetic shape memory alloys

LaMaster

Feigenbaum

Ciocanel

et al. 2014

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

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Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are interesting materials because they exhibit large recoverable strain (up to 10%) and fast response time (higher than 1 kHz). MSMAs are composed of martensitic variants with tetragonal unit cells and a magnetization vector that is approximately aligned with the short side of the unit cell in the absence of an external applied magnetic field. These variants reorient either to align the magnetization vector with an applied magnetic field or to align the short side of the unit cell with an applied compressive stress. This reorientation leads to a mechanical strain and an overall change in the material's magnetization, allowing MSMAs to be used as actuators, sensors, and power harvesters. This paper builds upon the work of Kiefer and Lagoudas as well as improvements proposed by LaMaster et al. to present a thermodynamic-based continuum model able to predict the response of an MSMA to any three-dimensional (3D) magneto-mechanical loading. The 3D nature of the model requires that the three variants, associated with the three axes of an MSMA single crystal, should all be allowed to evolve. In addition, this model includes evolution rules for the three magnetic domain volume fractions and the rotation of the direction of the magnetization vectors in each variant based on thermodynamic requirements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A full 3D thermodynamic-based model for magnetic shape memory alloys

LaMaster

Feigenbaum

Ciocanel

et al. 2014

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

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“…For both cases stated above, the simulated experimental setup is shown in figure 3, and is similar to the setup reported by [4,[11][12][13]. Experimentally, the applied magnetic field is typically generated using either an electromagnet or permanent magnets.…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Many researchers have attempted to do this (e.g. [4,7,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]) however, there is lack of clarity in the literature regarding how to account for the material's demagnetization, both experimentally and in models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kiefer et al [10] measured the applied magnetic field near (but not on) the MSMA. Waldauer et al [11] and LaMaster et al [12,13] measured the applied magnetic field on the electromagnet surface while Feigenbaum et al [4] measured it on the surface of the MSMA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, Haldar et al performed their FEA only under relatively high magnetic fields (H app =2.0 T) and did not test other magnetic field strengths. Despite the limits of Halder et alʼs work, many researchers use their findings to justify the use of equation (2) in their mathematical model for MSMAs [4,[11][12][13]. In this paper we deploy FEA to solve the magneto-static boundary value problem for an experimental setup similar to that used in [4] to predict magneto-mechanical behavior for MSMAs, in order to answer the following questions:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demagnetizing field in single crystal ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Eberle

Feigenbaum²,

Ciocanel³

2019

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Ferromagnetic materials, including ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs or MSMAs), are subject to demagnetization. Because of this demagnetization, the MSMA literature is inconsistent with regards to where the applied magnetic field should be measured experimentally. In addition, many researchers assume a constant demagnetization factor when modeling MSMAs, but there has been little analysis to determine the accuracy of that assumption. In this work, we use finite element (FE) simulations to determine (1) where the applied magnetic field should be measured experimentally and (2) how accurately the assumption of a constant demagnetization factor captures the magnetic field experienced by MSMAs. To determine the correct location for measuring the applied magnetic field experimentally, FE simulations and a constant demagnetization factor were used to calculate an average applied magnetic field with ellipsoidal specimens. This value was then compared to the magnetic field measured in the FE simulations at various locations. Simulations showed that the average magnetic field in the air volume where the MSMA would be placed, but without the MSMA present, was the correct method for measuring the applied magnetic field. Measuring the applied field at the center point of where the MSMA would be placed, but without the MSMA present, provides an easier to measure location, which is nearly as accurate. Additional FE simulations were conducted to test the validity of using a volume average demagnetization factor in calculating an MSMA’s internal magnetic field for prismatic specimens. Comparing the internal magnetic field determined using FE analysis to calculated values of the internal magnetic field using a constant demagnetization factor showed that these two values were similar when the FE calculated internal field was spatially averaged, however, significant variation of the internal magnetic field was present within the volume of prismatic specimens.

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Experimental characterization and modeling of a three-variant magnetic shape memory alloy

Feigenbaum¹,

Ciocanel²,

Eberle

et al. 2016

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Researchers have attempted to characterize and predict the magneto-mechanical behavior of magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) for over a decade. However, all prior experimental investigations on MSMA have been performed on samples accommodating two martensite variants and generally the MSMA is only exposed to two-dimensional magneto-mechanical loading. As efforts have been underway to develop models able to predict the most general (i.e. 3D) loading conditions for MSMAs with three-varints, there is also a need for experimental data to support the calibration and validation of these models. This paper presents magneto-mechanical data from experiments where MSMA specimens, whose microstructure accommodates three martensite variants, is subjected to three-dimensional magneto-mechanical loading, along with model predictions of these experimental results. The 3D magneto-mechanical model deployed here is a modified version of the model developed by our group (LaMaster et al 2015 J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 26 663-79), and assumes that three martensite variants coexist in the material. The LaMaster et al model captures some of the general trends seen in the experimental data, but does not predict the data with a high degree of accuracy. Possible reasons for the mismatch between experimental data and model predictions are discussed.

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Magnetization in MSMA: 2D modeling and experimental characterization

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

A full 3D thermodynamic-based model for magnetic shape memory alloys

A full 3D thermodynamic-based model for magnetic shape memory alloys

Demagnetizing field in single crystal ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

Experimental characterization and modeling of a three-variant magnetic shape memory alloy

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