MAIT Cells and Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases

Mechelli, Rosella; Romano, Silvia; Romano, Carmela; Morena, Emanuele; Buscarinu, Maria Chiara; Bigi, Rachele; Bellucci, Gianmarco; Reniè, Roberta; Pellicciari, Giulia; Salvetti, Marco; Ristori, Giovanni

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9061132

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 119 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…There is increasing evidence that microbiomes and metabolites play a vital role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatic diseases ( 77 , 78 ). The reduced richness of microbial species and a reduced ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides in the gut are common features of rheumatic disease ( 79 ). As described above, microbiota-derived metabolites affect MAIT cell selection, expansion and function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatology

Wei

2022

Front. Immunol.

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Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an unconventional T cell subset expressing a semi-invariant TCR and recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex class 1-related molecule (MR1). MAIT cells serve as innate-like T cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity, which have attracted increasing attention in recent years. The involvement of MAIT cells has been described in various infections, autoimmune diseases and malignancies. In this review, we first briefly introduce the biology of MAIT cells, and then summarize their roles in rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis and dermatomyositis. An increased knowledge of MAIT cells will inform the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in rheumatology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatology

Wei

2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…Beyond clinical similarities-also mirrored by neuroimaging functional studies (111)-there are significant molecular overlaps between CFS and MS, as objectively assessed by immunological studies (112)(113)(114). A notable example is the high frequency of circulating CD8+ mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) in both CFS and MS patients (115), where they bridge intestinal dysbiosis to CNS inflammation (116)(117)(118). Given the novelty and the expected high prevalence of post-COVID-19 syndrome, research on CFS and MS-associated fatigue pathomechanisms will hopefully gain momentum, paving the way toward targeted therapies for these conditions.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Ms-associated Viruses: Partners In Crime?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started?

et al. 2021

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Current knowledge on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis encompasses complex interactions between the host’s genetic background and several environmental factors that result in dysimmunity against the central nervous system. An old-aged association exists between MS and viral infections, capable of triggering and sustaining neuroinflammation through direct and indirect mechanisms. The novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has a remarkable, and still not fully understood, impact on the immune system: the occurrence and severity of both acute COVID-19 and post-infectious chronic illness (long COVID-19) largely depends on the host’s response to the infection, that echoes several aspects of MS pathobiology. Furthermore, other MS-associated viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), may enhance a mechanistic interplay with the novel Coronavirus, with the potential to interfere in MS natural history. Studies on COVID-19 in people with MS have helped clinicians in adjusting therapeutic strategies during the pandemic; similar efforts are being made for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns. In this Review, we look over 18 months of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from the perspective of MS: we dissect neuroinflammatory and demyelinating mechanisms associated with COVID-19, summarize pathophysiological crossroads between MS and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discuss present evidence on COVID-19 and its vaccination in people with MS.

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“…As their name already suggests, they are enriched in the mucosa of organs like the gut ( 54 ). There, they might be involved in the sensing of microbiota, providing barrier protection and the initiation of tissue repair responses ( 55 ). While both NKT as well as MAIT cells express an αβ TCR, there is another T cell subset expressing a γδ TCR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NK Cells and Innate-Like T Cells After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2021

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, in which autoreactive T and B cells play important roles. Other lymphocytes such as NK cells and innate-like T cells appear to be involved as well. To name a few examples, CD56bright NK cells were described as an immunoregulatory NK cell subset in MS while innate-like T cells in MS were described in brain lesions and with proinflammatory signatures. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) is a procedure used to treat MS. This procedure includes hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization, then high-dose chemotherapy combined with anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and subsequent infusion of the patients own HSPCs to reconstitute a functional immune system. aHSCT inhibits MS disease activity very effectively and for long time, presumably due to elimination of autoreactive T cells. Here, we performed multidimensional flow cytometry experiments in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 27 MS patients before and after aHSCT to address its potential influence on NK and innate-like T cells. After aHSCT, the relative frequency and absolute numbers of CD56bright NK cells rise above pre-aHSCT levels while all studied innate-like T cell populations decrease. Hence, our data support an enhanced immune regulation by CD56bright NK cells and the efficient reduction of proinflammatory innate-like T cells by aHSCT in MS. These observations contribute to our current understanding of the immunological effects of aHSCT in MS.

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MAIT Cells and Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases

Cited by 17 publications

References 119 publications

Emerging Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatology

Emerging Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatology

Multiple Sclerosis and SARS-CoV-2: Has the Interplay Started?

NK Cells and Innate-Like T Cells After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis

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