Maize Breeding in the United States: Views from Within Monsanto

Butruille, David V.; Birru, Fufa H.; Boerboom, Marv L.; Cargill, Edward J.; Davis, Duane A.; Dhungana, Prabhakar; Dill, Gerald M.; Dong, Feifei; Fonseca, Agustin E.; Gardunia, Brian; Holland, Gregory J.; Hong, Nan; Linnen, Paul; Nickson, Thomas E.; Polavarapu, Nalini; Pataky, J. K.; Popi, Jon; Stark, Steve B.

doi:10.1002/9781119107743.ch5

Cited by 13 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…Breeders commonly use locally adapted, domesticated germplasm (often called landraces) that exhibit exceptional performance in a specific group of geographic or management conditions, as well as international germplasm that are adapted to and have been selected for a wide range of environmental conditions (Hallauer et al, 1988;Lynch and Walsh, 1998;Doebley, 2004;Acquaah, 2012;Butruille et al, 2015). Locally adapted germplasm contain agronomic characteristics required for high yields in their environment and meet regional consumer preferences; therefore, they may be used more easily within a breeding program for their geographically distinct region.…”

Section: Sources Of Genetic Variation Used For Conventional Breeding mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seed developers often have germplasm collections for crops that include most of the major cultivation regions of the world (Butruille et al, 2015;Smýkal et al, 2015). This germplasm is adapted for breeding in Maize proteins (300-400 amino acids long) from 2 alleles differ by 3-4 amino acids Tenaillon et al (2001) Maize genome has 55 million SNPs Gore et al (2009) Green Revolution gene has 2 SNPs for dwarf wheat Peng et al (1999) One SNP caused loss of shattering in domestic rice Konishi et al (2006) Tall or short pea plants ( Only 81% of Brassica genes are always present in the same number Golicz et al (2016) 2500 genes found only in either B73 or PH207 Hirsch et al (2016) G. soja genotypes can vary by 1000 to 3000 gene families from each other Li et al (2014) 1992).…”

Section: Sources Of Genetic Variation Used For Conventional Breeding mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, a specific combination of parents can unexpectedly combine inferior genetics for a characteristic (e.g., delayed maturity, inadequate husk coverage, susceptibility to disease, virescence), and many of the individuals within the population will be discarded as unsuitable for further breeding due to the deficiency. As described below, marker-assisted selection can be applied to enable very specific selection of the genes of the elite germplasm with desirable characteristics while selecting against the undesired genes from the non-elite parent (Butruille et al, 2015, Chang and Coe, 2009, Eathington et al, 2007.…”

Section: Phenotypic Selection Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Markers associated with virescence and other undesirable characteristics are used to identify, and subsequently discard, progeny that contain these undesired characteristics while advancing plants with the desirable QTLs. Seed chipping technology, combined with marker-assisted selection, allows plant breeders to select against undesired alleles with greater efficiency and accuracy, and at a reduced cost (Butruille et al, 2015). Seed chipping technology allows for identification of the genetics of the candidate lines from a small tissue sample taken from the seed.…”

Section: Technologies Used To Expedite the Breeding Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other diseases are specific to certain areas. Commercial-scale plant breeding programs must constantly evaluate the different geographic needs for each crop when determining which characteristics to select for in their breeding program (Butruille et al, 2015). For example, in the western US plains (e.g., Nebraska and Kansas), maize products with exceptional tolerance to Goss's wilt [Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.…”

Section: Selection For Adaptability To Variable Environmental Conditimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bringing New Plant Varieties to Market: Plant Breeding and Selection Practices Advance Beneficial Characteristics while Minimizing Unintended Changes

et al. 2017

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Commercial‐scale plant breeding is a complex process in which new crop varieties are continuously being developed to improve yield and agronomic performance over current varieties. A wide array of naturally occurring genetic changes are sources of new characteristics available to plant breeders. During conventional plant breeding, genetic material is exchanged that has the potential to beneficially or adversely affect plant characteristics. For this reason, commercial‐scale breeders have implemented extensive plant selection practices to identify the top‐performing candidates with the desired characteristics while minimizing the advancement of unintended changes. Selection practices in maize (Zea mays L.) breeding involve phenotypic assessments of thousands of candidate lines throughout hundreds of different environmental conditions over many years. Desirable characteristics can also be introduced through genetic modification. For genetically modified (GM) crops, molecular analysis is used to select transformed plants with a single copy of an intact DNA insert and without disruption of endogenous genes. All the while, GM crops go through the same extensive phenotypic characterization as conventionally bred crops. Data from both conventional and GM maize breeding programs are presented to show the similarities between these two processes.

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Section: Sources Of Genetic Variation Used For Conventional Breeding mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Genetic Variation Used For Conventional Breeding mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phenotypic Selection Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Technologies Used To Expedite the Breeding Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection For Adaptability To Variable Environmental Conditimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Bringing New Plant Varieties to Market: Plant Breeding and Selection Practices Advance Beneficial Characteristics while Minimizing Unintended Changes

et al. 2017

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Comparing yield trial locations based on their elicited expressions of genetic variance among soybean cultivars

et al. 2020

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Main considerations for yield trial site selection are the ability to discriminate among genotypes, minimize redundancy, and generate a genotype × environment interaction representative of the targeted market region. The objective was to utilize soybean (Glycine max L.) variety trial results of five relative maturity group (MG) tests at five Tennessee locations spanning 14 yr to compare test location uniqueness and/or redundancy via genetic variance estimates (estimated as twice the genetic variance among homozygous lines) and cluster analysis. Principle components analyses allowed for location comparisons of genetic variance expression among cultivars in different MG tests. Individual location, test, and year genetic variance estimates ranged from < 1-285 (Mg ha −1 ) 2 . Years and locations affected the magnitude of genetic variance, with years largely driving genetic expression within MGs in these environments. Location-induced effects were likely owing to different MGs experiencing soil moisture and temperature (day and nighttime) at varying maturity stages. Within a given location, the magnitudes of genetic variance estimates were similar among the five MGs, illustrating that glyphosate-tolerant and nontolerant cultivars had similar genetic variability. There were three sets of three locations that consistently provided nonredundant genetic expression, with two locations being duplicative. These results indicate that four of the five locations are needed, and one location could be eliminated without compromising cultivar yield trial information for five MG tests. Such analyses are worthwhile for comparing yield trial locations for their discriminating ability and representativeness that are essential for a robust variety test program within a targeted region.

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Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops

et al. 2021

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Plant breeders face multiple global challenges that affect food security, productivity, accessibility, and nutritional quality. One major challenge for plant breeders is developing environmentally resilient crop cultivars in response to rapid shifts in cultivation conditions and resources due to climate change. Plant breeders rely on different crop genetic resources, breeding tools, and methods to incorporate genetic diversity into commercialized cultivars. Breeders use genetic diversity to develop new cultivars with improved agronomics, such as higher yield, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and to improve the nutritional quality of foods for a growing world population. Plant breeders perform the essential task of strategic integration of new genetic diversity while preserving important economic traits of individual crops such as relative maturity (maize, Zea mays L.), fruit type (tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), plant type (lettuce Lactuca sativa L.), and habitat type (canola, Brassica napus L.) that are highly specialized for specific consumer preferences or market needs. This review provides an industry perspective on how genetic diversity is incorporated for crop improvement by (a) using a real-life example to highlight the vast amount of genetic diversity that exists in plants, (b) providing a conceptual example to illustrate strategic challenges a breeder faces while incorporating diversity, (c) describing how and why it can a decade or more to incorporate diversity into commercialized cultivars, even when advanced tools and technologies are used, and (d) sharing factors that plant breeders consider when applying various tools, including genome editing, at different stages of plant breeding.

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Maize Breeding in the United States: Views from Within Monsanto

Cited by 13 publications

References 155 publications

Bringing New Plant Varieties to Market: Plant Breeding and Selection Practices Advance Beneficial Characteristics while Minimizing Unintended Changes

Bringing New Plant Varieties to Market: Plant Breeding and Selection Practices Advance Beneficial Characteristics while Minimizing Unintended Changes

Comparing yield trial locations based on their elicited expressions of genetic variance among soybean cultivars

Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops

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