Major Bioactive Triterpenoids From Ganoderma Species and Their Therapeutic Activity: A Review

Abstract

Ganoderma a traditional Chinese medicine popularly used for complementary cancer therapy and longevity for centuries. The vast amount of study has been performed on the medicinal properties of Ganoderma lucidum. G. lucidum contains various compounds with a high grade of biological activity, which increase the immunity. Several of these substances belong to the triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Proteins, sterols, phenols, lipids, etc., are also present. Ganoderma triterpenes are important secondary metabolites of G. lucidum. Ganoderma triterpenes are limestone-tetracyclic terpenes which have been reported to possess antioxidant, antitumor, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, anticancer, anti-inflammation, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. This review deals with most important triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma and their therapeutic effects.

Ganoderma Lucidum: A Traditional Chinese Medicine Used for Curing Tumors

“…A current research study stated that gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) produced from Ganoderma lucidum or conjugated with drug doxorubicin displayed strong anticancer or cytotoxic activity against MCF-7-doxbreast cancer cell line (97%) by Au-NPs at higher concentration was 400μM/ml that is beneficial for treatment of breast cancers. While, mRNA expression of ABCB1 gene and CDNA made from human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) confirmed reduced expression [20].…”

“…Another report suggests around 20% of the cancers are measured by the effect of inflammation due to the chronic overexpression of inflammatory cytokines include IL-6, VEGF or TNF-α leads to promote carcinogenesis. However, administration of triterpene concentrates of Ganoderma lucidum fundamentally suppress inflammatory cytokine discharge by macrophage cells that reducing degree of inflammation [20].…”

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“…Chemical structures of triterpenes are based mostly on lanosterol. Triterpenes are a class of naturally occurring biologically active compounds which have a vast range of medicinal applications and health benefits such as cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-viral, antiobesity, and neuro-trophic activities [20][21][22] .…”

Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids from basidiomycetes: exploration of new research

“…Ganoderma lucidum , a fungus of Polyporaceae of basidiomycetes, has been used as a drug for more than 2000 years (Li et al 2020 ; Geng et al 2020 ), with pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumour, anti-HIV-1, antioxidative and cholesterol-reducing effects (Abate et al 2020 ; Kang et al 2015 ; Ahmad 2020 ; Xu et al 2011 ; Vallavan et al 2020 ; Meng et al 2019 ; Bhat et al 2019 ; Wang et al 2019a , b ). According to published statistics, the annual sales of G. lucidum products have exceeded 2.5 billion US dollars (Zhang et al 2017a , b , c ).…”

“…It has been determined that the primary terpene component in G. lucidum is ganoderic acid (GA) (Shao et al 2020 ; Liang et al 2019 ), and more than 170 types of GA have been isolated from G. lucidum (Wang et al 2021 ). Notably, all triterpenoid compounds in G. lucidum are tetracyclic triterpenoids (Bhat et al 2019 ), and the chemical structure of G. lucidum triterpenoid compounds is based on lanolin sterane. Lanolin is a metabolite of lanosterol, and lanosterol is formed by cyclization of squalene (Liang et al 2019 ).…”