Major to ultra trace elements in rainfall collected in suburban Tokyo

Shimamura, Tadashi; Iwashita, Masato; Iijima, Satoe; Shintani, Megumi; Takaku, Yuichi

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.010

Cited by 31 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The results are presented in Table 3 ranged from 348 ng L -1 (Ce) to 1.8 ng L -1 (Tm) and the precisions (2 × RSD) ranged from 4.5% (Nd) to 43% (Yb) (N = 5). The values were consistent with the reported values (Yeghicheyan et al, 2001;Shimamura et al, 2007;Dick et al, 2008) and those for non-diluted samples.…”

Section: Ree Determinationsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The rain sampling method is described in detail in Shimamura et al (2007), so we describe it here only briefly. The sampling location was Sagamihara City; 35 km west of central Tokyo.…”

Section: Rain Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main purposes of this report are, (1) to determine extremely low level REE concentrations in the rainwater, (2) to confirm large La and Gd excesses reported by Shimamura et al (2007), (3) to investigate the difference of La and Gd behaviors as compared to other REEs during a single rainfall event and to address the source of La and Gd excesses, and (4) to search for hints of other REE excesses with the anthropogenic sources. We investigated REE patterns, normalized to the crust average (Taylor and McLennan, 1985), to examine possible pattern variations among the initial, middle and final stages of the rainfalls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is possible that these rare metals have accumulated in the environment. Among these rare metals, rare earth elements (REEs) have been noticed (Sholkovitz et al, 1993;Bau and Dulski, 1996;Nozaki et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2001;Rühling and Tyler, 2004;Aubert et al, 2006;Kulkarni et al, 2006;Shimamura et al, 2007;Ryu et al, 2007). Shale-normalized (or upper crust average-normalized) REE patterns in precipitation, particle matters in precipitation, or aerosols were usually different from those in the upper crust or in sea water (Kitto et al, 1992;Sholkovitz et al, 1993;Zhang and Liu, 2004;Kulkarni et al, 2006;Moreno et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observed REE patterns in the atmospheric environments may be the results of these industrial usages of REEs. In our previous report (Shimamura et al, 2007), we found large positive anomalies of La and Gd in some rainfalls collected in suburban Tokyo. Some anthropogenic sources, such as fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) operation for petroleum refining process, were suggested for the origin of these anomalies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of rare earth elements in rainwater collected in suburban Tokyo

Iwashita¹,

Saito²,

Arai³

et al. 2011

Geochem. J.

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Rare earth element (REE) concentrations were determined in 32 rainfall events collected in suburban Tokyo. Two or more samples were collected for 13 events out of 32 events. A pre-concentration method was applied using a chelate resin solid phase extraction column. Good and uniform recoveries for REEs (Y to Lu, 99~101% at pH = 3.7~4.0) were obtained. Detection limits reached as low as 0.001 ng L -1 (for Tb) with a 30 fold pre-concentration using a conventional Q-pole ICP-MS. Clear La and Gd excesses (definition is in the text) were evident in many cases. Y, Eu, Lu and Yb excesses may also exist in some events. In some events where multiple samplings were performed, crust normalized REE patterns changed during the rainfall events. These are the first evidences of clear REE pattern variations during the same rainfall events. The initial and final stage of some rainfall events may have different origins for the REEs. The correlations among the REEs with respect to logarithmic concentrations indicate that most of the REEs are of natural origin while La and Gd may have common anthropogenic components. We propose that materials for high refractive index and low dispersion optical glass production processes could be potential sources of La and Gd excesses because 1) La and Gd excesses are correlated, 2) other sources such as a cracking catalyst for petroleum refining or a contrast agent of magnetic resonance imaging cannot explain the excesses.

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Section: Ree Determinationsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The rain sampling method is described in detail in Shimamura et al (2007), so we describe it here only briefly. The sampling location was Sagamihara City; 35 km west of central Tokyo.…”

Section: Rain Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%