Maker fringes revisited: second-harmonic generation from birefringent or absorbing materials

Herman, Warren N.; Hayden, L. Michael

doi:10.1364/josab.12.000416

Cited by 396 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In fact, this SHG result with the orientational distribution obtained from the polarized fluorescence measurement could be used to determine the ratio of diagonal to offdiagonal hyperpolarizability component, using (2) ZXX / (2) ZZZ ) 0.0097 deduced from Maker's fringe analysis. 37 The hemicyanine molecules have seven nonvanishing hyperpolarizability components of zzz , zxx , zyy , xzx , yzy , xxz , and …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Hyperpolarizability Components of Hemicyanine Dyes by Measuring the Anisotropic Fluorescence and Second Harmonic of the Dyes Uniformly Aligned within Zeolite Channels

et al. 2006

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A unidirectional ensemble of hemicyanine molecules was prepared by inserting the molecules into the vertical channels of a uniformly oriented zeolite (silicalite-1) film grown on a glass substrate. Fluorescence from this sample excited with light polarized along the vertical channel was 50 times larger than that excited with light polarized orthogonal to the vertical channel direction. These vertically aligned hemicyanine dyes were used to determine the ratio of the molecular hyperpolarizability components zxx / zzz of hemicyanine.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Hyperpolarizability Components of Hemicyanine Dyes by Measuring the Anisotropic Fluorescence and Second Harmonic of the Dyes Uniformly Aligned within Zeolite Channels

et al. 2006

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“…SHG coefficients (d33) were derived from the analysis of measured Maker-fringes with the Pascal fitting program according to the literature procedure. 17 The values of d31 and d33 for polymer 7 are 0.63 pm/V and 1.85 pm/V, respectively. This value is lower than that of the Y-type polyester, which is near 2.82 pm/V.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Novel T-type Polyester Containing Thiophene with Enhanced Thermal Stability

No¹,

Cho²,

Lee³

2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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A novel T-type polyester 7 containing 1-(2,5-dioxyphenyl)-2-{5-(1,2,2-tricyanovinyl)-2-thienyl}ethenes as nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, which are part of the polymer backbone, was prepared and characterized. Polyester 7 is soluble in common organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide. It showed a thermal stability up to 300 o C in thermogravimetric analysis thermogram and the glass-transition temperature (Tg) obtained from differential scanning calorimetry thermogram was around 113 o C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient (d33) of poled polymer films at 1,560 nm fundamental wavelength was around 1.85 pm/V. The dipole alignment exhibits a greater thermal stability even at 10 o C higher than Tg, and there is no SHG decay below 125 o C due to the partial mainchain character of the polymer structure, which is acceptable for nonlinear optical device applications.

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“…SHG coefficients (d 33 ) were derived from the analysis of measured Maker-fringes with Pascal fitting program according to the literature procedure. 27 The values of d 33 and d 31 for polymer 4 are 3.45 × 10 -9 and 1.33 × 10 -9 esu, respectively. These d33 value is higher than that of the polyester containing dioxynitrostilbene, which is 1.42 × 10 -9 esu, 25 but is lower than those with dioxybenzylidenemalononitrile, which are in the range 4.46 ~ 6.48 × 10 -9 esu.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Novel Polyester with Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation Thermal Stability

Cho

Kim²,

Lee³

2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Figure 1. Main-chain NLO polymers (a), side-chain NLO polymers (b), and T-type NLO polymers (c).Nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers received a great attention in recent years because of their potential applications in the field of electro-optic devices including ultrafast optical switches, high-speed optical modulators, and high-density optical data storage media.1-6 A potential NLO polymer has to be mechanically very strong and thermally stable with a high glass-transition temperature (Tg). In the developments of NLO polymers for electro-optic device applications, stabilization of electrically induced dipole alignment is one of important criteria; in this context, two approaches have been proposed to minimize the randomization of dipole alignment, namely the use cross-linking method 7-10 and the utilization of high T g polymers such as polyimides. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Various polyesters with NLO chromophores in the main chain 17 or in side chain [18][19] have been prepared and their properties studied. In general, main-chain NLO polymers have good thermal stability of dipole alignments, but they often do not dissolve in organic solvents, and their intractability make them unusable to fabricate stable films. Side-chain NLO polymers have the advantages such as good solubility and homogeneity relative to the main-chain systems, but they often suffer from poor stability of dipole alignments at high temperatures. Recently we have prepared novel polyesters containing dioxynitrostilbene 20-21 or dioxybenzylidenemalononitrile 22 as NLO chromophores. The resulting polymers exhibit enhanced thermal stability of second harmonic generation (SHG), which stems from the stabilization of dipole alignment of the NLO chromophore. In this work reported here, we prepared another novel polyester containing 2,5-dioxybenzylidenecyanoacetate groups as NLO chromophores. We selected the latter because they have a large dipole moment and are rather easy to synthesize. Furthermore, 2,5-dioxybenzylidenecyanoacetate group constitutes novel T-type NLO polyester (Fig. 1c), and this T-type NLO polyester has not yet been reported in the literature. Thus, we synthesized a new type of NLO polyester, in which the pendant NLO chromophores are components of the polymer backbone. This T-type NLO polymer is expected to have the advantages of both main-chain and side-chain NLO polymers namely stable dipole alignment and good solubility. After confirming the structure of the resulting polymer we investigated its properties such as solubility, Tg, thermal stability, second harmonic generation (SHG) activity and relaxation of dipole alignment. Results and DiscussionCompound 1 was prepared by the reaction of 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether with 2,5-dihydroxybenaldehyde. Compound 2 was prepared by the condensation reaction of compound 1 with methyl cyanoacetate. Compound 2 was hydrolyzed to yield acetaldehyde and diol 3. Monomer 3 was condensed with terephthaloyl chloride in a dry DMF solvent to yield polyester 4 containing the NLO chromophore 2,5-dioxybenzylid...

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Maker fringes revisited: second-harmonic generation from birefringent or absorbing materials

Cited by 396 publications

References 12 publications

Determination of the Hyperpolarizability Components of Hemicyanine Dyes by Measuring the Anisotropic Fluorescence and Second Harmonic of the Dyes Uniformly Aligned within Zeolite Channels

Determination of the Hyperpolarizability Components of Hemicyanine Dyes by Measuring the Anisotropic Fluorescence and Second Harmonic of the Dyes Uniformly Aligned within Zeolite Channels

Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Novel T-type Polyester Containing Thiophene with Enhanced Thermal Stability

Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Novel Polyester with Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation Thermal Stability

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