Making a positive difference: Criticality in groups

Counterfactual simulation in causal cognition

“…To deal with situations of causal overdetermination -where some outcome would still have happened even if any of the individual causes hadn't happened -structural causal models consider not only whether two variables were counterfactually dependent in the actual situation, but also in other situations that could have happened (see 50,51). While some accounts binary causal judgments (e.g., 50), others make quantitative predictions based on how close an event was to making a difference to the outcome (20,34,130), how abnormal or unexpected the events were (51,52,60), or how important different factors were a priori for the outcome to come about (74,42,30).…”

If not me, then who? Responsibility and replacement

“…Responsibility also depends on how critical one's contributions were perceived for a positive group outcome (Gerstenberg, Lagnado, & Zultan, 2023;Lagnado et al, 2013;Langenhoff et al, 2021). While pivotality captures how close a person's contribution was to making a difference after the outcome has happened, criticality captures how important a person's contribution is before any actions have taken place.…”

Missing the Forest for the Trees: When Monitoring Quantitative Measures Distorts Task Prioritization

“…Every ten clicks added 1 ECU to the manager's round payoff. Similar tasks were used inCorgnet et al (2015) and invoked inGerstenberg et al (2023) andZultan et al (2012).6 We do not claim that our manipulation captures all differences between office and home work, and only use these labels for convenience.…”